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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.28;

import "./Breeding.sol";
import "./Hatch.sol";
import "./interfaces/IKugleNFT.sol";

contract KugleNFT is IKugleNFT, Breeding, Hatch {
    event NewNFTMinted(address indexed from, uint256 itemId);

    function mintKuglesTo(uint256[] memory _toMint, address _to)
        external
        onlyBoosterSellerContractOrOwner
    {
        for (uint16 i = 0; i < _toMint.length; i++) {
            _mintKugle(_to, _toMint[i]);
        }
    }

    function tokenOfOwner(address _owner) external view returns (uint256[] memory) {
        uint256 tokenCount = balanceOf(_owner);
        uint256[] memory result = new uint256[](tokenCount);

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < tokenCount; i++) {
            // tokenOfOwnerByIndex returns the token owned by user at index i
            result[i] = tokenOfOwnerByIndex(_owner, i);
        }
        return result;
    }

    function getKugleLevel(uint256 _kugleId) public view returns (uint8) {
        return (_kugleLevel[_kugleId]);
    }

    function getKugleGeneration(uint256 _kugleId) external view returns (uint8) {
        return (_kugleGeneration[_kugleId]);
    }

    function getKuglesLevels(uint256[] calldata _kuglesIds)
        external
        view
        returns (uint8[] memory)
    {
        uint8[] memory levels = new uint8[](_kuglesIds.length);

        for (uint16 i = 0; i < _kuglesIds.length; i++) {
            levels[i] = getKugleLevel(_kuglesIds[i]);
        }

        return levels;
    }

    function setKugleLevel(uint256 _kugleId, uint8 _level) external onlyPotContractOrOwner {
        _kugleLevel[_kugleId] = _level;
    }

    function setKugleGeneration(uint256 _kugleId, uint8 _generation) external onlyOwner {
        _kugleGeneration[_kugleId] = _generation;
    }

    // @dev: _stakeKugle allow user to stake his kugle directly after mint
    function _mintKugle(address _to, uint256 _newTokenId) internal {
        _safeMint(_to, _newTokenId);

        _kugleLevel[_newTokenId] = 1;
        if (_newTokenId <= GENESIS_AMOUNT) {
            _kugleGeneration[_newTokenId] = 0;
        } else {
            _kugleGeneration[_newTokenId] = 1;
        }

        emit NewNFTMinted(_to, _newTokenId);

        _totalKugles++;
    }

    function emitBatchMetadataUpdate(uint256 _fromTokenId, uint256 _toTokenId) external onlyOwner {
        emit BatchMetadataUpdate(_fromTokenId, _toTokenId);
    }

    function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId)
        public
        view
        override(IKugleNFT, KugleFactory)
        returns (address)
    {
        return super.ownerOf(tokenId);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.28;

import "./Staking.sol";

error BreedingPaused();
error SameKugle();
error KugleNotFertile(uint256 kugleId);
error NotOwnerOrStaked(uint256 kugleId);

abstract contract Breeding is Staking {
    /**
     * from : user that call breeding function
     * itemId: Id of new NFT
     * parent1: Id of parent 1
     * parent2: Id of parent 2
     * pricePaid: price (in carbon) paid by user
     * ressourcesUsed: array of ressources user spend for breeding
     */
    event NewBreeding(
        address indexed from, uint256 itemId, uint256 parent1, uint256 parent2, uint256 pricePaid
    );
    // uint256[] ressourcesUsed

    bool internal _breedingPaused;

    function breed(
        uint256 _kugleId1,
        uint256 _kugleId2,
        bool _stakeKugle, // uint256[] calldata _ressources
        uint256 _priceAdditionnalCarbon,
        uint256 _carbonRewardsClaimed
    ) external {
        // check price is above minimum price
        require(!_breedingPaused, BreedingPaused());
        require(_kugleId1 != _kugleId2, SameKugle());

        // check fertility of both kugles are > 0, mean their level are < 4
        // 1: egg
        // 2: kugle fertility 100%
        // 3: kugle fertility 50%
        // 4: kugle fertility 0%
        // GENESIS => 2: kugle fertility 200%
        // GENESIS => 3: kugle fertility 150%
        // GENESIS => 4: kugle fertility 100%
        // GENESIS => 5: kugle fertility 50%
        // GENESIS => 6: kugle fertility 0%
        uint8 maxLevelKugle1 = _kugleId1 <= GENESIS_AMOUNT ? 6 : 4;
        uint8 maxLevelKugle2 = _kugleId2 <= GENESIS_AMOUNT ? 6 : 4;
        require(
            _kugleLevel[_kugleId1] > 1 && _kugleLevel[_kugleId1] < maxLevelKugle1,
            KugleNotFertile(_kugleId1)
        );
        require(
            _kugleLevel[_kugleId2] > 1 && _kugleLevel[_kugleId2] < maxLevelKugle2,
            KugleNotFertile(_kugleId2)
        );

        // check kugle are owned by user
        require(
            (ownerOf(_kugleId1) == msg.sender || _stakedKugles[_kugleId1].owner == msg.sender),
            NotOwnerOrStaked(_kugleId1)
        );
        require(
            (ownerOf(_kugleId2) == msg.sender || _stakedKugles[_kugleId2].owner == msg.sender),
            NotOwnerOrStaked(_kugleId2)
        );

        uint256[] memory kugleIds = new uint256[](2);
        kugleIds[0] = _kugleId1;
        kugleIds[1] = _kugleId2;
        claimReward(0, _carbonRewardsClaimed, kugleIds);

        uint8 _kugleGen1 = _kugleGeneration[_kugleId1];
        uint8 _kugleGen2 = _kugleGeneration[_kugleId2];
        uint8 generation = (_kugleGen1 > _kugleGen2 ? _kugleGen1 : _kugleGen2) + 1;

        uint256 _price = (
            _breedPrice * _priceMulplier ** (generation - 1) + _priceAdditionnalCarbon
        ) / (10 ** ((generation - 1) * _multiplierDecimals));

        carbonContract.burn(msg.sender, _price);

        // if kugle is staked, update lastRewardClaimDate
        if (_stakedKugles[_kugleId1].owner == msg.sender) {
            _stakedKugles[_kugleId1].lastRewardClaimDate = block.timestamp;
        }

        if (_stakedKugles[_kugleId2].owner == msg.sender) {
            _stakedKugles[_kugleId2].lastRewardClaimDate = block.timestamp;
        }

        _kugleLevel[_kugleId1]++;
        _kugleLevel[_kugleId2]++;

        // Get the next available token ID that doesn't conflict with booster editions
        uint256 newTokenId = getNextAvailableTokenId();

        // mint a new NFT
        _safeMint(msg.sender, newTokenId);

        // set level 1 = egg
        _kugleLevel[newTokenId] = 1;

        // set generation
        _kugleGeneration[newTokenId] = generation;

        if (_stakeKugle) {
            _stake(newTokenId, msg.sender);
        }

        // emit an event
        // emit NewBreeding(msg.sender, _tokenId, _kugleId1, _kugleId2, _price, _ressources);
        emit NewBreeding(msg.sender, newTokenId, _kugleId1, _kugleId2, _price);

        _totalKugles++;

        // Update the booster seller's kugle count to reflect the new NFT created
        boosterSellerContract.incrementKugleCount();
    }

    function setBreedingPaused(bool _paused) external onlyOwner {
        _breedingPaused = _paused;
    }

    function getBreedingPaused() external view returns (bool) {
        return _breedingPaused;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.28;

import "./Staking.sol";

abstract contract Hatch is Staking {
    event NewHatching(address indexed from, uint256 itemId);

    function hatch(
        uint256[] calldata _kugleIds,
        bool _stakeKugle, // stakeKugle = true means all Kugles should be staked, false mean, don't change situation (if staked it's still staked, else not staked)
        uint256 _heatRewardsClaimed
    ) external {
        claimReward(_heatRewardsClaimed, 0, _kugleIds);

        uint256 _price = 0;

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < _kugleIds.length; i++) {
            require(_kugleLevel[_kugleIds[i]] == 1, AlreadyHatch(_kugleIds[i]));
            require(
                ownerOf(_kugleIds[i]) == msg.sender
                    || _stakedKugles[_kugleIds[i]].owner == msg.sender,
                NotOwned(_kugleIds[i], msg.sender)
            );

            _price += (_hatchPrice * _priceMulplier ** (_kugleGeneration[uint256(_kugleIds[i])]))
                / 10 ** (_kugleGeneration[uint256(_kugleIds[i])] * _multiplierDecimals);

            // if kugle is staked, update lastRewardClaimDate
            if (_stakedKugles[_kugleIds[i]].owner == msg.sender) {
                _stakedKugles[_kugleIds[i]].lastRewardClaimDate = block.timestamp;
            } else if (_stakeKugle) {
                // stake Kugle
                _stake(_kugleIds[i], msg.sender);
            }

            // level > 1 means NFT is a Kugle (1 = Egg)
            _kugleLevel[_kugleIds[i]] = 2;
            emit NewHatching(msg.sender, _kugleIds[i]);
        }

        heatContract.burn(msg.sender, _price);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.28;

interface IKugleNFT {
    struct GuRewardTier {
        uint256 guHeld;
        uint256 popCap;
    }

    struct StakeInfo {
        address owner;
        uint256 stakingDate;
        uint256 lastRewardClaimDate;
        uint256 kugleId;
    }

    struct SpecialSeries {
        uint256 startId;
        uint8 maxNFTInSeries;
        uint256 currentId;
    }

    struct RewardsInfos {
        uint256 dailyHeatPerKugle;
        uint256 dailyCarbonPerKugle;
        uint256 maxCapacityHeatPerKugle;
        uint256 maxCapacityCarbonPerKugle;
        uint256 assignedHeatRewards;
        uint256 assignedCarbonRewards;
        uint256 rewardsMultiplier;
        uint256 multiplierDecimals;
    }

    function stakedTokenOfOwner(address owner) external view returns (uint256[] memory);
    function getGuRewardTiers() external view returns (GuRewardTier[] memory);

    function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address);
    function getStakedKugleInfos(uint256 _kugleId) external view returns (StakeInfo memory);
    function setKugleLevel(uint256 _kugleId, uint8 _level) external;
    function getKugleLevel(uint256 _kugleId) external view returns (uint8);

    function getPopCapFromAmount(uint256 amount) external view returns (uint256 popCap);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.28;

import "./Rewards.sol";
import "../Seller/interfaces/IBoosterSeller.sol";

error UserCanNotStake(address _owner);

abstract contract Staking is Rewards {
    event StartStaking(address indexed from, uint256 kugleId);
    event EndStaking(address indexed from, uint256 kugleId);

    // vérifie que le owner original, donc avant le staking (qui change le owner pour éviter la revente) est bien l'utilisateur à l'origine de l'action
    modifier onlyOriginalOwner(uint256[] memory _kugleIds) {
        for (uint16 i = 0; i < _kugleIds.length; i++) {
            require(_stakedKugles[_kugleIds[i]].owner == msg.sender);
        }
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyBoosterContract() {
        require(msg.sender == address(boosterSellerContract));
        _;
    }

    function stake(uint256[] calldata _kugleIds) external {
        for (uint16 i = 0; i < _kugleIds.length; i++) {
            require(ownerOf(_kugleIds[i]) == msg.sender, "o");
            _stake(_kugleIds[i], msg.sender);
        }
    }

    function stakeFromBoosterContract(uint256[] calldata _kugleIds, address _owner)
        external
        onlyBoosterContract
    {
        require(userCanStake(_owner), UserCanNotStake(_owner));
        for (uint16 i = 0; i < _kugleIds.length; i++) {
            _stake(_kugleIds[i], _owner);
        }
    }

    function _stake(uint256 _kugleId, address _owner) internal {
        require(userCanStake(_owner), UserCanNotStake(_owner));
        transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), _kugleId);
        StakeInfo memory stakedKugle = StakeInfo({
            owner: _owner,
            stakingDate: block.timestamp,
            lastRewardClaimDate: block.timestamp,
            kugleId: _kugleId
        });

        _stakedKugles[_kugleId] = stakedKugle;
        _nbStakedKugles[_owner]++;
        _totalStakedKugles++;

        userStakedKugleId[_owner].push(_kugleId);

        emit StartStaking(_owner, _kugleId);
    }

    function userCanStake(address _owner) internal view returns (bool) {
        return _nbStakedKugles[_owner] < getUserPopCap(_owner);
    }

    function getUserPopCap(address user) public view returns (uint256 popCap) {
        uint256 guBlocked = guHeldContract.getBlockedGuByAddress(user);
        return getPopCapFromAmount(guBlocked);
    }

    function getPopCapFromAmount(uint256 amount) public view returns (uint256 popCap) {
        GuRewardTier[] memory tiers = _guRewardTiers;

        for (uint256 i = tiers.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            if (amount >= _guRewardTiers[i].guHeld) {
                return tiers[i].popCap;
            }
        }
        return 0;
    }

    // @dev : rewardsClaimed = 0 means player doesn't want to claim rewards
    // _heat & _carbon are calculated by server (nodejs)
    function unstake(
        uint256[] calldata _kugleIds,
        uint256 _heatRewardsClaimed,
        uint256 _carbonRewardsClaimed
    ) external onlyOriginalOwner(_kugleIds) {
        claimReward(_heatRewardsClaimed, _carbonRewardsClaimed, _kugleIds);
        for (uint16 i = 0; i < _kugleIds.length; i++) {
            _safeTransfer(address(this), msg.sender, _kugleIds[i]);

            delete _stakedKugles[_kugleIds[i]];
            _nbStakedKugles[msg.sender]--;
            _totalStakedKugles--;

            unstakeUsersKugle(_kugleIds[i]);

            emit EndStaking(msg.sender, _kugleIds[i]);
        }
    }

    function unstakeUsersKugle(uint256 _kugleId) internal {
        uint256[] storage kugleIds = userStakedKugleId[msg.sender];

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < kugleIds.length; i++) {
            if (kugleIds[i] == _kugleId) {
                kugleIds[i] = kugleIds[kugleIds.length - 1];
                kugleIds.pop();
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    // list kugle + egg
    // list staked NFT for original (legit) owner
    function stakedTokenOfOwner(address owner) external view returns (uint256[] memory) {
        return userStakedKugleId[owner];
    }

    function getStakedKugleInfos(uint256 _kugleId) external view returns (StakeInfo memory) {
        require(_stakedKugles[_kugleId].owner != address(0x0));

        return _stakedKugles[_kugleId];
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.28;

import "./KugleFactory.sol";

error InsufficientRewards(
    uint256 maxHeat, uint256 claimedHeat, uint256 maxCarbon, uint256 claimedCarbon
);

abstract contract Rewards is KugleFactory {
    function claimReward(
        uint256 _heatRewardsClaimed,
        uint256 _carbonRewardsClaimed,
        uint256[] memory _tokenIds
    ) public {
        // calculate max rewards available
        (uint256 maxHeatRewards, uint256 maxCarbonRewards) = calculateMaxRewards(_tokenIds);

        // si on veut pénaliser le joueur qui tente une triche, une peu faire un if et un return
        // ainsi la suite de la fonction ne sera pas exécutée mais en l'absence de revert, le gas n'est pas remboursé
        require(
            maxHeatRewards >= _heatRewardsClaimed && maxCarbonRewards >= _carbonRewardsClaimed,
            InsufficientRewards(
                maxHeatRewards, _heatRewardsClaimed, maxCarbonRewards, _carbonRewardsClaimed
            )
        );

        if (_heatRewardsClaimed > 0) {
            // transfer heat to user
            heatContract.mint(msg.sender, _heatRewardsClaimed);

            // store lastRewardClaimDate on every staked NFT that are eggs
            for (uint16 i = 0; i < _tokenIds.length; i++) {
                if (_kugleLevel[_tokenIds[i]] == 1) {
                    _stakedKugles[_tokenIds[i]].lastRewardClaimDate = block.timestamp;
                }
            }
        }

        if (_carbonRewardsClaimed > 0) {
            // transfer carbon to user
            carbonContract.mint(msg.sender, _carbonRewardsClaimed);

            // store lastRewardClaimDate on every staked NFT that are Kugles
            for (uint16 i = 0; i < _tokenIds.length; i++) {
                if (_kugleLevel[_tokenIds[i]] > 1) {
                    _stakedKugles[_tokenIds[i]].lastRewardClaimDate = block.timestamp;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // it calculates the maximum of reward
    function calculateMaxRewardOfKugle(StakeInfo memory _stakedKugle)
        internal
        view
        returns (uint256 maxHeat, uint256 maxCarbon)
    {
        uint256 delayInHours = 3600 * _delayBetweenRewards;

        // calculate time in h between stakedTime and now
        uint256 elapsedDays = block.timestamp - _stakedKugle.stakingDate;

        // calculate time between lastRewardClaimDate and now
        uint256 lastClaimAfter = _stakedKugle.lastRewardClaimDate - _stakedKugle.stakingDate;
        uint256 stakedTime = elapsedDays - lastClaimAfter;

        uint256 kugleGeneration = _kugleGeneration[_stakedKugle.kugleId];

        // Kugle state
        if (_kugleLevel[_stakedKugle.kugleId] > 1) {
            uint256 index = _dailyCarbonPerKugle.length - 1;

            if (kugleGeneration < _dailyCarbonPerKugle.length) {
                index = kugleGeneration;
            }
            maxCarbon = _dailyCarbonPerKugle[index] * stakedTime / delayInHours;
        }
        // Egg state
        else {
            uint256 index = _dailyHeatPerKugle.length - 1;

            if (kugleGeneration < _dailyHeatPerKugle.length) {
                index = kugleGeneration;
            }
            maxHeat = _dailyHeatPerKugle[index] * stakedTime / delayInHours;
        }
    }

    function calculateMaxRewards(uint256[] memory ids)
        public
        view
        returns (uint256 heat, uint256 carbon)
    {
        uint256 totalMaxHeatReward = 0;
        uint256 totalMaxCarbonReward = 0;
        // for each KugleId
        for (uint16 i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) {
            // If token is not staked, no rewards
            if (_stakedKugles[ids[i]].owner == address(0)) {
                continue;
            }
            // check if kugleId is staked by current user
            require(_stakedKugles[ids[i]].owner == msg.sender, NotStaked(ids[i]));

            (uint256 maxHeat, uint256 maxCarbon) = calculateMaxRewardOfKugle(_stakedKugles[ids[i]]);

            maxHeat = maxHeat > _maxHeatRewards ? _maxHeatRewards : maxHeat;
            maxCarbon = maxCarbon > _maxCarbonRewards ? _maxCarbonRewards : maxCarbon;

            totalMaxHeatReward += maxHeat;
            totalMaxCarbonReward += maxCarbon;
        }

        return (totalMaxHeatReward, totalMaxCarbonReward);
    }

    // Ajout d'une fonction publique pour exposer le calcul des rewards max pour les tests
    function getMaxRewards(uint256[] memory ids)
        public
        view
        returns (uint256 heat, uint256 carbon)
    {
        return calculateMaxRewards(ids);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.28;

interface IBoosterSeller {
    struct Booster {
        uint256 id;
        uint256[] kugleIds;
        address buyer;
    }

    struct Edition {
        string uniqueName;
        // NOTE: The name is not unique, it's just a name to display on the website + noted in the NFT Metadata
        string displayedName;
        uint256 price;
        uint256[2] kuglesIds;
        uint256[2] boosterIds;
        bool available;
        bool cancelled;
        bool visible;
        bool boostersToKeepSent;
        uint8 percentageToKeepForOwner;
        uint256 heatToSendOnSale;
        uint256 carbonToSendOnSale;
    }

    // function createBoosters(uint256[] memory kugleIds) external;

    function createEdition(
        string calldata uniqueName,
        uint256 price,
        string calldata displayedName,
        uint256 kuglesLength,
        uint8 percentageToKeepForOwner,
        uint256 heatToSendOnSale,
        uint256 carbonToSendOnSale
    ) external;

    // function addBoostersToEdition(uint16 editionId, uint256[] memory boosterIds) external;

    function getBooster(uint256 boosterId) external returns (Booster memory);

    function getEdition(uint16 editionId) external returns (Edition memory);

    function renameEdition(uint16 editionId, string memory newName) external;

    function changeEditionPrice(uint16 editionId, uint256 newPrice) external;

    function setEditionAvailability(uint16 editionId, bool available) external;

    function setEditionVisibility(uint16 editionId, bool visible) external;

    function cancelEdition(uint16 editionId) external;

    function buyBoosters(uint16 editionId, uint16 boostersAmount, bool stake, address to)
        external;

    function getKugleCount() external view returns (uint256);

    function incrementKugleCount() external;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.28;

/**
 * KugleFactory
 *         |
 *         v
 *     Rewards
 *         |
 *         v
 *     Stacking
 *      |    |
 *      v    v
 * Breeding  Hatch
 *      |    |
 *      v    v
 *     KugleNFT
 */
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Strings.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/IERC721.sol";

import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC721/extensions/ERC721RoyaltyUpgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC721/extensions/ERC721URIStorageUpgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC721/extensions/ERC721EnumerableUpgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/UUPSUpgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/access/OwnableUpgradeable.sol";

import "../Tokens/interfaces/IRessourcesTokens.sol";
import "../Tokens/interfaces/IReactor.sol";
import "../Seller/interfaces/IBoosterSeller.sol";
import "./interfaces/IKugleNFT.sol";

// KBS errors
error NotOwned(uint256 kugleId, address account);
error NotStaked(uint256 kugleId);
error AlreadyHatch(uint256 kugleId);

error NoEnoughHeatToClaim(uint256 maxHeatToClaim, uint256 heatToClaim);

error AddressCannotBeZero(address account);

abstract contract KugleFactory is
    IKugleNFT,
    Initializable,
    ERC721EnumerableUpgradeable,
    ERC721URIStorageUpgradeable,
    ERC721RoyaltyUpgradeable,
    UUPSUpgradeable,
    OwnableUpgradeable
{
    uint256 internal constant GENESIS_AMOUNT = 2000;
    address payable public _royaltiesReceiver;
    uint16 internal _totalStakedKugles;
    uint256 internal _totalKugles; // total of NFT minted (egg + kugle)

    uint256 internal _breedPrice;
    uint256 internal _hatchPrice;
    uint256 internal _priceMulplier;

    uint256 public _multiplierDecimals;
    uint256[] internal _dailyHeatPerKugle;
    uint256[] internal _dailyCarbonPerKugle;

    GuRewardTier[] internal _guRewardTiers;
    uint256 public _maxHeatRewards;
    uint256 public _maxCarbonRewards;

    string internal constant URI = "https://api.kugle.app/eth-api-dev/kugles/"; // TODO : FOR MAINNET DELETE -dev

    IReactor internal guHeldContract;
    IRessourcesTokens internal heatContract;
    IRessourcesTokens internal carbonContract;
    address internal potionsContract;
    IBoosterSeller internal boosterSellerContract;

    // IRessources internal ressourcesContract;

    mapping(uint256 => uint8) internal _kugleLevel; // id of Kugle to level of Kugle
    mapping(uint256 => uint8) internal _kugleGeneration; // id of Kugle to generation of Kugle
    mapping(uint256 => StakeInfo) internal _stakedKugles; // id of Kugle to its stake info
    mapping(address => uint16) internal _nbStakedKugles; // address of owner to nb Of stakedKugle

    mapping(address => uint256[]) userStakedKugleId; // address of owner to stakedKugleId

    uint16 internal _royaltiesRate;
    address internal _royaltyReceiver;
    // in hours
    uint256 internal _delayBetweenRewards;

    mapping(uint256 => SpecialSeries) internal _specialSeries;
    uint256 internal _totalSpecialSeries;

    modifier onlyPotContractOrOwner() {
        require(msg.sender == potionsContract || msg.sender == owner());
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyBoosterSellerContractOrOwner() {
        require(msg.sender == address(boosterSellerContract) || msg.sender == owner());
        _;
    }

    function initialize() public initializer {
        __ERC721_init("Kugle Genesis", "KGEN");
        __ERC721Enumerable_init();
        __ERC721Royalty_init();
        __ERC721URIStorage_init();
        __Ownable_init(msg.sender);
        __UUPSUpgradeable_init();

        _totalSpecialSeries = 0;
        _totalKugles = 0;

        _breedPrice = 200 ether; // 200 carbon
        _hatchPrice = 200 ether; // 200 heat
        _priceMulplier = 12; // 12 = 1.2
        _multiplierDecimals = 1;

        _dailyCarbonPerKugle.push(19.2 * 1e18); // ref: https://docs.kugle.app/docs/Tokenomic/NFT%20Eggs%20&%20Kugles
        _dailyCarbonPerKugle.push(16 * 1e18);
        _dailyCarbonPerKugle.push(10 * 1e18);
        _dailyCarbonPerKugle.push(8.33 * 1e18);
        _dailyCarbonPerKugle.push(6.94 * 1e18);
        _dailyCarbonPerKugle.push(5.79 * 1e18);
        _dailyCarbonPerKugle.push(4.82 * 1e18);
        _dailyCarbonPerKugle.push(4.02 * 1e18);
        _dailyCarbonPerKugle.push(3.34 * 1e18);
        _dailyCarbonPerKugle.push(2.79 * 1e18);

        _dailyHeatPerKugle.push(14.4 * 1e18);
        _dailyHeatPerKugle.push(12 * 1e18);
        _dailyHeatPerKugle.push(7.5 * 1e18);
        _dailyHeatPerKugle.push(6.25 * 1e18);
        _dailyHeatPerKugle.push(5.2 * 1e18);
        _dailyHeatPerKugle.push(4.34 * 1e18);
        _dailyHeatPerKugle.push(3.62 * 1e18);
        _dailyHeatPerKugle.push(3.01 * 1e18);
        _dailyHeatPerKugle.push(2.51 * 1e18);
        _dailyHeatPerKugle.push(2.09 * 1e18);

        _delayBetweenRewards = 24;
        _royaltiesRate = 750;
        _royaltyReceiver = msg.sender;

        _maxHeatRewards = 500e18;
        _maxCarbonRewards = 500e18;
    }

    function setNewDailyCarbonPerKugle(uint256[] calldata newArray) public onlyOwner {
        _dailyCarbonPerKugle = newArray;
    }

    function setNewDailyHeatPerKugle(uint256[] calldata newArray) public onlyOwner {
        _dailyHeatPerKugle = newArray;
    }

    function setDelayBetweenRewards(uint256 _delay) external onlyOwner {
        _delayBetweenRewards = _delay;
    }

    function setRoyaltiesRate(uint16 _rate) external onlyOwner {
        _royaltiesRate = _rate;
        _setDefaultRoyalty(_royaltyReceiver, _rate);
    }

    /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
    constructor() initializer { }

    function _increaseBalance(address account, uint128 amount)
        internal
        override(ERC721Upgradeable, ERC721EnumerableUpgradeable)
    {
        super._increaseBalance(account, amount);
    }

    function _update(address to, uint256 tokenId, address auth)
        internal
        override(ERC721Upgradeable, ERC721EnumerableUpgradeable)
        returns (address)
    {
        return super._update(to, tokenId, auth);
    }

    function _authorizeUpgrade(address) internal override onlyOwner { }

    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId)
        public
        view
        override(ERC721EnumerableUpgradeable, ERC721URIStorageUpgradeable, ERC721RoyaltyUpgradeable)
        returns (bool)
    {
        return super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    function setContracts(
        address _guHeldContract,
        address _heatAddress,
        address _carbonAddress,
        address _potionsContract,
        address _boosterSellerAddress
    ) external onlyOwner {
        require(_guHeldContract != address(0), AddressCannotBeZero(_guHeldContract));
        require(_heatAddress != address(0), AddressCannotBeZero(_heatAddress));
        require(_carbonAddress != address(0), AddressCannotBeZero(_carbonAddress));
        require(_potionsContract != address(0), AddressCannotBeZero(_potionsContract));
        require(_boosterSellerAddress != address(0), AddressCannotBeZero(_boosterSellerAddress));
        guHeldContract = IReactor(_guHeldContract);
        heatContract = IRessourcesTokens(_heatAddress);
        carbonContract = IRessourcesTokens(_carbonAddress);
        potionsContract = _potionsContract;
        boosterSellerContract = IBoosterSeller(_boosterSellerAddress);
    }

    function setRoyaltiesReceiverAddress(address payable _royaltiesReceiverAddress)
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        require(
            _royaltiesReceiverAddress != address(0), AddressCannotBeZero(_royaltiesReceiverAddress)
        );
        _royaltyReceiver = _royaltiesReceiverAddress;
        _setDefaultRoyalty(_royaltiesReceiverAddress, _royaltiesRate); // 250 amount of royalties in % / 100
    }

    function tokenURI(uint256 _kugleId)
        public
        pure
        override(ERC721Upgradeable, ERC721URIStorageUpgradeable)
        returns (string memory)
    {
        return string(abi.encodePacked(URI, Strings.toString(_kugleId), "/os_vals"));
    }

    function circulatingSupply() external view returns (uint256) {
        return _totalKugles;
    }

    function setPrices(uint256 _newBreedPrice, uint256 _newHatchPrice, uint256 _newPriceMulplier)
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        _breedPrice = _newBreedPrice;
        _hatchPrice = _newHatchPrice;
        _priceMulplier = _newPriceMulplier;
    }

    function getPrices() external view returns (uint256, uint256, uint256) {
        return (_breedPrice, _hatchPrice, _priceMulplier);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Get the next available token ID for breeding by getting the total count from BoosterSeller
     */
    function getNextAvailableTokenId() public view returns (uint256) {
        return boosterSellerContract.getKugleCount();
    }

    function setMultiplierDecimals(uint256 newValue) external onlyOwner {
        _multiplierDecimals = newValue;
    }

    function setMaxRewards(uint256 maxHeatRewards, uint256 maxCarbonRewards) public onlyOwner {
        _maxHeatRewards = maxHeatRewards;
        _maxCarbonRewards = maxCarbonRewards;
    }

    function addOrDeleteGuRewardTier(uint256 index, uint256 _guHeld, uint256 _popCap)
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        if (_popCap == 0) {
            require(index < _guRewardTiers.length);
            for (uint256 i = index; i < _guRewardTiers.length - 1; i++) {
                _guRewardTiers[i] = _guRewardTiers[i + 1];
            }
            _guRewardTiers.pop();
        } else {
            GuRewardTier memory newTier = GuRewardTier(_guHeld, _popCap);
            uint256 length = _guRewardTiers.length;

            if (length == 0 || _guHeld > _guRewardTiers[length - 1].guHeld) {
                _guRewardTiers.push(newTier);
            } else {
                uint256 i;
                for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                    if (_guHeld <= _guRewardTiers[i].guHeld) {
                        break;
                    }
                }
                _guRewardTiers.push(_guRewardTiers[length - 1]);
                for (uint256 j = length - 1; j > i; j--) {
                    _guRewardTiers[j] = _guRewardTiers[j - 1];
                }
                _guRewardTiers[i] = newTier;
            }
        }
    }

    function getGuRewardTiers() external view returns (GuRewardTier[] memory) {
        return _guRewardTiers;
    }

    function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId)
        public
        view
        virtual
        override(ERC721Upgradeable, IERC721, IKugleNFT)
        returns (address)
    {
        return super.ownerOf(tokenId);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.2.0) (utils/Strings.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Math} from "./math/Math.sol";
import {SafeCast} from "./math/SafeCast.sol";
import {SignedMath} from "./math/SignedMath.sol";

/**
 * @dev String operations.
 */
library Strings {
    using SafeCast for *;

    bytes16 private constant HEX_DIGITS = "0123456789abcdef";
    uint8 private constant ADDRESS_LENGTH = 20;

    /**
     * @dev The `value` string doesn't fit in the specified `length`.
     */
    error StringsInsufficientHexLength(uint256 value, uint256 length);

    /**
     * @dev The string being parsed contains characters that are not in scope of the given base.
     */
    error StringsInvalidChar();

    /**
     * @dev The string being parsed is not a properly formatted address.
     */
    error StringsInvalidAddressFormat();

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation.
     */
    function toString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 length = Math.log10(value) + 1;
            string memory buffer = new string(length);
            uint256 ptr;
            assembly ("memory-safe") {
                ptr := add(buffer, add(32, length))
            }
            while (true) {
                ptr--;
                assembly ("memory-safe") {
                    mstore8(ptr, byte(mod(value, 10), HEX_DIGITS))
                }
                value /= 10;
                if (value == 0) break;
            }
            return buffer;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `int256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation.
     */
    function toStringSigned(int256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        return string.concat(value < 0 ? "-" : "", toString(SignedMath.abs(value)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation.
     */
    function toHexString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        unchecked {
            return toHexString(value, Math.log256(value) + 1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation with fixed length.
     */
    function toHexString(uint256 value, uint256 length) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        uint256 localValue = value;
        bytes memory buffer = new bytes(2 * length + 2);
        buffer[0] = "0";
        buffer[1] = "x";
        for (uint256 i = 2 * length + 1; i > 1; --i) {
            buffer[i] = HEX_DIGITS[localValue & 0xf];
            localValue >>= 4;
        }
        if (localValue != 0) {
            revert StringsInsufficientHexLength(value, length);
        }
        return string(buffer);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts an `address` with fixed length of 20 bytes to its not checksummed ASCII `string` hexadecimal
     * representation.
     */
    function toHexString(address addr) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        return toHexString(uint256(uint160(addr)), ADDRESS_LENGTH);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts an `address` with fixed length of 20 bytes to its checksummed ASCII `string` hexadecimal
     * representation, according to EIP-55.
     */
    function toChecksumHexString(address addr) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        bytes memory buffer = bytes(toHexString(addr));

        // hash the hex part of buffer (skip length + 2 bytes, length 40)
        uint256 hashValue;
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            hashValue := shr(96, keccak256(add(buffer, 0x22), 40))
        }

        for (uint256 i = 41; i > 1; --i) {
            // possible values for buffer[i] are 48 (0) to 57 (9) and 97 (a) to 102 (f)
            if (hashValue & 0xf > 7 && uint8(buffer[i]) > 96) {
                // case shift by xoring with 0x20
                buffer[i] ^= 0x20;
            }
            hashValue >>= 4;
        }
        return string(buffer);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the two strings are equal.
     */
    function equal(string memory a, string memory b) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return bytes(a).length == bytes(b).length && keccak256(bytes(a)) == keccak256(bytes(b));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Parse a decimal string and returns the value as a `uint256`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The string must be formatted as `[0-9]*`
     * - The result must fit into an `uint256` type
     */
    function parseUint(string memory input) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return parseUint(input, 0, bytes(input).length);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseUint} that parses a substring of `input` located between position `begin` (included) and
     * `end` (excluded).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The substring must be formatted as `[0-9]*`
     * - The result must fit into an `uint256` type
     */
    function parseUint(string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        (bool success, uint256 value) = tryParseUint(input, begin, end);
        if (!success) revert StringsInvalidChar();
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseUint-string} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an invalid character.
     *
     * NOTE: This function will revert if the result does not fit in a `uint256`.
     */
    function tryParseUint(string memory input) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) {
        return _tryParseUintUncheckedBounds(input, 0, bytes(input).length);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseUint-string-uint256-uint256} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an invalid
     * character.
     *
     * NOTE: This function will revert if the result does not fit in a `uint256`.
     */
    function tryParseUint(
        string memory input,
        uint256 begin,
        uint256 end
    ) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) {
        if (end > bytes(input).length || begin > end) return (false, 0);
        return _tryParseUintUncheckedBounds(input, begin, end);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Implementation of {tryParseUint} that does not check bounds. Caller should make sure that
     * `begin <= end <= input.length`. Other inputs would result in undefined behavior.
     */
    function _tryParseUintUncheckedBounds(
        string memory input,
        uint256 begin,
        uint256 end
    ) private pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) {
        bytes memory buffer = bytes(input);

        uint256 result = 0;
        for (uint256 i = begin; i < end; ++i) {
            uint8 chr = _tryParseChr(bytes1(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(buffer, i)));
            if (chr > 9) return (false, 0);
            result *= 10;
            result += chr;
        }
        return (true, result);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Parse a decimal string and returns the value as a `int256`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The string must be formatted as `[-+]?[0-9]*`
     * - The result must fit in an `int256` type.
     */
    function parseInt(string memory input) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return parseInt(input, 0, bytes(input).length);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseInt-string} that parses a substring of `input` located between position `begin` (included) and
     * `end` (excluded).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The substring must be formatted as `[-+]?[0-9]*`
     * - The result must fit in an `int256` type.
     */
    function parseInt(string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end) internal pure returns (int256) {
        (bool success, int256 value) = tryParseInt(input, begin, end);
        if (!success) revert StringsInvalidChar();
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseInt-string} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an invalid character or if
     * the result does not fit in a `int256`.
     *
     * NOTE: This function will revert if the absolute value of the result does not fit in a `uint256`.
     */
    function tryParseInt(string memory input) internal pure returns (bool success, int256 value) {
        return _tryParseIntUncheckedBounds(input, 0, bytes(input).length);
    }

    uint256 private constant ABS_MIN_INT256 = 2 ** 255;

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseInt-string-uint256-uint256} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an invalid
     * character or if the result does not fit in a `int256`.
     *
     * NOTE: This function will revert if the absolute value of the result does not fit in a `uint256`.
     */
    function tryParseInt(
        string memory input,
        uint256 begin,
        uint256 end
    ) internal pure returns (bool success, int256 value) {
        if (end > bytes(input).length || begin > end) return (false, 0);
        return _tryParseIntUncheckedBounds(input, begin, end);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Implementation of {tryParseInt} that does not check bounds. Caller should make sure that
     * `begin <= end <= input.length`. Other inputs would result in undefined behavior.
     */
    function _tryParseIntUncheckedBounds(
        string memory input,
        uint256 begin,
        uint256 end
    ) private pure returns (bool success, int256 value) {
        bytes memory buffer = bytes(input);

        // Check presence of a negative sign.
        bytes1 sign = begin == end ? bytes1(0) : bytes1(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(buffer, begin)); // don't do out-of-bound (possibly unsafe) read if sub-string is empty
        bool positiveSign = sign == bytes1("+");
        bool negativeSign = sign == bytes1("-");
        uint256 offset = (positiveSign || negativeSign).toUint();

        (bool absSuccess, uint256 absValue) = tryParseUint(input, begin + offset, end);

        if (absSuccess && absValue < ABS_MIN_INT256) {
            return (true, negativeSign ? -int256(absValue) : int256(absValue));
        } else if (absSuccess && negativeSign && absValue == ABS_MIN_INT256) {
            return (true, type(int256).min);
        } else return (false, 0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Parse a hexadecimal string (with or without "0x" prefix), and returns the value as a `uint256`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The string must be formatted as `(0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]*`
     * - The result must fit in an `uint256` type.
     */
    function parseHexUint(string memory input) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return parseHexUint(input, 0, bytes(input).length);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseHexUint} that parses a substring of `input` located between position `begin` (included) and
     * `end` (excluded).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The substring must be formatted as `(0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]*`
     * - The result must fit in an `uint256` type.
     */
    function parseHexUint(string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        (bool success, uint256 value) = tryParseHexUint(input, begin, end);
        if (!success) revert StringsInvalidChar();
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseHexUint-string} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an invalid character.
     *
     * NOTE: This function will revert if the result does not fit in a `uint256`.
     */
    function tryParseHexUint(string memory input) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) {
        return _tryParseHexUintUncheckedBounds(input, 0, bytes(input).length);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseHexUint-string-uint256-uint256} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an
     * invalid character.
     *
     * NOTE: This function will revert if the result does not fit in a `uint256`.
     */
    function tryParseHexUint(
        string memory input,
        uint256 begin,
        uint256 end
    ) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) {
        if (end > bytes(input).length || begin > end) return (false, 0);
        return _tryParseHexUintUncheckedBounds(input, begin, end);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Implementation of {tryParseHexUint} that does not check bounds. Caller should make sure that
     * `begin <= end <= input.length`. Other inputs would result in undefined behavior.
     */
    function _tryParseHexUintUncheckedBounds(
        string memory input,
        uint256 begin,
        uint256 end
    ) private pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) {
        bytes memory buffer = bytes(input);

        // skip 0x prefix if present
        bool hasPrefix = (end > begin + 1) && bytes2(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(buffer, begin)) == bytes2("0x"); // don't do out-of-bound (possibly unsafe) read if sub-string is empty
        uint256 offset = hasPrefix.toUint() * 2;

        uint256 result = 0;
        for (uint256 i = begin + offset; i < end; ++i) {
            uint8 chr = _tryParseChr(bytes1(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(buffer, i)));
            if (chr > 15) return (false, 0);
            result *= 16;
            unchecked {
                // Multiplying by 16 is equivalent to a shift of 4 bits (with additional overflow check).
                // This guaratees that adding a value < 16 will not cause an overflow, hence the unchecked.
                result += chr;
            }
        }
        return (true, result);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Parse a hexadecimal string (with or without "0x" prefix), and returns the value as an `address`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The string must be formatted as `(0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]{40}`
     */
    function parseAddress(string memory input) internal pure returns (address) {
        return parseAddress(input, 0, bytes(input).length);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseAddress} that parses a substring of `input` located between position `begin` (included) and
     * `end` (excluded).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The substring must be formatted as `(0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]{40}`
     */
    function parseAddress(string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end) internal pure returns (address) {
        (bool success, address value) = tryParseAddress(input, begin, end);
        if (!success) revert StringsInvalidAddressFormat();
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseAddress-string} that returns false if the parsing fails because the input is not a properly
     * formatted address. See {parseAddress} requirements.
     */
    function tryParseAddress(string memory input) internal pure returns (bool success, address value) {
        return tryParseAddress(input, 0, bytes(input).length);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseAddress-string-uint256-uint256} that returns false if the parsing fails because input is not a properly
     * formatted address. See {parseAddress} requirements.
     */
    function tryParseAddress(
        string memory input,
        uint256 begin,
        uint256 end
    ) internal pure returns (bool success, address value) {
        if (end > bytes(input).length || begin > end) return (false, address(0));

        bool hasPrefix = (end > begin + 1) && bytes2(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(bytes(input), begin)) == bytes2("0x"); // don't do out-of-bound (possibly unsafe) read if sub-string is empty
        uint256 expectedLength = 40 + hasPrefix.toUint() * 2;

        // check that input is the correct length
        if (end - begin == expectedLength) {
            // length guarantees that this does not overflow, and value is at most type(uint160).max
            (bool s, uint256 v) = _tryParseHexUintUncheckedBounds(input, begin, end);
            return (s, address(uint160(v)));
        } else {
            return (false, address(0));
        }
    }

    function _tryParseChr(bytes1 chr) private pure returns (uint8) {
        uint8 value = uint8(chr);

        // Try to parse `chr`:
        // - Case 1: [0-9]
        // - Case 2: [a-f]
        // - Case 3: [A-F]
        // - otherwise not supported
        unchecked {
            if (value > 47 && value < 58) value -= 48;
            else if (value > 96 && value < 103) value -= 87;
            else if (value > 64 && value < 71) value -= 55;
            else return type(uint8).max;
        }

        return value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reads a bytes32 from a bytes array without bounds checking.
     *
     * NOTE: making this function internal would mean it could be used with memory unsafe offset, and marking the
     * assembly block as such would prevent some optimizations.
     */
    function _unsafeReadBytesOffset(bytes memory buffer, uint256 offset) private pure returns (bytes32 value) {
        // This is not memory safe in the general case, but all calls to this private function are within bounds.
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            value := mload(add(buffer, add(0x20, offset)))
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/ERC721/IERC721.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC165} from "../../utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Required interface of an ERC-721 compliant contract.
 */
interface IERC721 is IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `tokenId` token is transferred from `from` to `to`.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 indexed tokenId);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `owner` enables `approved` to manage the `tokenId` token.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed approved, uint256 indexed tokenId);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `owner` enables or disables (`approved`) `operator` to manage all of its assets.
     */
    event ApprovalForAll(address indexed owner, address indexed operator, bool approved);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of tokens in ``owner``'s account.
     */
    function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint256 balance);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the owner of the `tokenId` token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address owner);

    /**
     * @dev Safely transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must exist and be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must be approved to move this token by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon
     *   a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes calldata data) external;

    /**
     * @dev Safely transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`, checking first that contract recipients
     * are aware of the ERC-721 protocol to prevent tokens from being forever locked.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must exist and be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must have been allowed to move this token by either {approve} or
     *   {setApprovalForAll}.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon
     *   a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) external;

    /**
     * @dev Transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * WARNING: Note that the caller is responsible to confirm that the recipient is capable of receiving ERC-721
     * or else they may be permanently lost. Usage of {safeTransferFrom} prevents loss, though the caller must
     * understand this adds an external call which potentially creates a reentrancy vulnerability.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must be approved to move this token by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) external;

    /**
     * @dev Gives permission to `to` to transfer `tokenId` token to another account.
     * The approval is cleared when the token is transferred.
     *
     * Only a single account can be approved at a time, so approving the zero address clears previous approvals.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The caller must own the token or be an approved operator.
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) external;

    /**
     * @dev Approve or remove `operator` as an operator for the caller.
     * Operators can call {transferFrom} or {safeTransferFrom} for any token owned by the caller.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The `operator` cannot be the address zero.
     *
     * Emits an {ApprovalForAll} event.
     */
    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the account approved for `tokenId` token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address operator);

    /**
     * @dev Returns if the `operator` is allowed to manage all of the assets of `owner`.
     *
     * See {setApprovalForAll}
     */
    function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (proxy/utils/Initializable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev This is a base contract to aid in writing upgradeable contracts, or any kind of contract that will be deployed
 * behind a proxy. Since proxied contracts do not make use of a constructor, it's common to move constructor logic to an
 * external initializer function, usually called `initialize`. It then becomes necessary to protect this initializer
 * function so it can only be called once. The {initializer} modifier provided by this contract will have this effect.
 *
 * The initialization functions use a version number. Once a version number is used, it is consumed and cannot be
 * reused. This mechanism prevents re-execution of each "step" but allows the creation of new initialization steps in
 * case an upgrade adds a module that needs to be initialized.
 *
 * For example:
 *
 * [.hljs-theme-light.nopadding]
 * ```solidity
 * contract MyToken is ERC20Upgradeable {
 *     function initialize() initializer public {
 *         __ERC20_init("MyToken", "MTK");
 *     }
 * }
 *
 * contract MyTokenV2 is MyToken, ERC20PermitUpgradeable {
 *     function initializeV2() reinitializer(2) public {
 *         __ERC20Permit_init("MyToken");
 *     }
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * TIP: To avoid leaving the proxy in an uninitialized state, the initializer function should be called as early as
 * possible by providing the encoded function call as the `_data` argument to {ERC1967Proxy-constructor}.
 *
 * CAUTION: When used with inheritance, manual care must be taken to not invoke a parent initializer twice, or to ensure
 * that all initializers are idempotent. This is not verified automatically as constructors are by Solidity.
 *
 * [CAUTION]
 * ====
 * Avoid leaving a contract uninitialized.
 *
 * An uninitialized contract can be taken over by an attacker. This applies to both a proxy and its implementation
 * contract, which may impact the proxy. To prevent the implementation contract from being used, you should invoke
 * the {_disableInitializers} function in the constructor to automatically lock it when it is deployed:
 *
 * [.hljs-theme-light.nopadding]
 * ```
 * /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
 * constructor() {
 *     _disableInitializers();
 * }
 * ```
 * ====
 */
abstract contract Initializable {
    /**
     * @dev Storage of the initializable contract.
     *
     * It's implemented on a custom ERC-7201 namespace to reduce the risk of storage collisions
     * when using with upgradeable contracts.
     *
     * @custom:storage-location erc7201:openzeppelin.storage.Initializable
     */
    struct InitializableStorage {
        /**
         * @dev Indicates that the contract has been initialized.
         */
        uint64 _initialized;
        /**
         * @dev Indicates that the contract is in the process of being initialized.
         */
        bool _initializing;
    }

    // keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("openzeppelin.storage.Initializable")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff))
    bytes32 private constant INITIALIZABLE_STORAGE = 0xf0c57e16840df040f15088dc2f81fe391c3923bec73e23a9662efc9c229c6a00;

    /**
     * @dev The contract is already initialized.
     */
    error InvalidInitialization();

    /**
     * @dev The contract is not initializing.
     */
    error NotInitializing();

    /**
     * @dev Triggered when the contract has been initialized or reinitialized.
     */
    event Initialized(uint64 version);

    /**
     * @dev A modifier that defines a protected initializer function that can be invoked at most once. In its scope,
     * `onlyInitializing` functions can be used to initialize parent contracts.
     *
     * Similar to `reinitializer(1)`, except that in the context of a constructor an `initializer` may be invoked any
     * number of times. This behavior in the constructor can be useful during testing and is not expected to be used in
     * production.
     *
     * Emits an {Initialized} event.
     */
    modifier initializer() {
        // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
        InitializableStorage storage $ = _getInitializableStorage();

        // Cache values to avoid duplicated sloads
        bool isTopLevelCall = !$._initializing;
        uint64 initialized = $._initialized;

        // Allowed calls:
        // - initialSetup: the contract is not in the initializing state and no previous version was
        //                 initialized
        // - construction: the contract is initialized at version 1 (no reininitialization) and the
        //                 current contract is just being deployed
        bool initialSetup = initialized == 0 && isTopLevelCall;
        bool construction = initialized == 1 && address(this).code.length == 0;

        if (!initialSetup && !construction) {
            revert InvalidInitialization();
        }
        $._initialized = 1;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            $._initializing = true;
        }
        _;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            $._initializing = false;
            emit Initialized(1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev A modifier that defines a protected reinitializer function that can be invoked at most once, and only if the
     * contract hasn't been initialized to a greater version before. In its scope, `onlyInitializing` functions can be
     * used to initialize parent contracts.
     *
     * A reinitializer may be used after the original initialization step. This is essential to configure modules that
     * are added through upgrades and that require initialization.
     *
     * When `version` is 1, this modifier is similar to `initializer`, except that functions marked with `reinitializer`
     * cannot be nested. If one is invoked in the context of another, execution will revert.
     *
     * Note that versions can jump in increments greater than 1; this implies that if multiple reinitializers coexist in
     * a contract, executing them in the right order is up to the developer or operator.
     *
     * WARNING: Setting the version to 2**64 - 1 will prevent any future reinitialization.
     *
     * Emits an {Initialized} event.
     */
    modifier reinitializer(uint64 version) {
        // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
        InitializableStorage storage $ = _getInitializableStorage();

        if ($._initializing || $._initialized >= version) {
            revert InvalidInitialization();
        }
        $._initialized = version;
        $._initializing = true;
        _;
        $._initializing = false;
        emit Initialized(version);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to protect an initialization function so that it can only be invoked by functions with the
     * {initializer} and {reinitializer} modifiers, directly or indirectly.
     */
    modifier onlyInitializing() {
        _checkInitializing();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts if the contract is not in an initializing state. See {onlyInitializing}.
     */
    function _checkInitializing() internal view virtual {
        if (!_isInitializing()) {
            revert NotInitializing();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Locks the contract, preventing any future reinitialization. This cannot be part of an initializer call.
     * Calling this in the constructor of a contract will prevent that contract from being initialized or reinitialized
     * to any version. It is recommended to use this to lock implementation contracts that are designed to be called
     * through proxies.
     *
     * Emits an {Initialized} event the first time it is successfully executed.
     */
    function _disableInitializers() internal virtual {
        // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
        InitializableStorage storage $ = _getInitializableStorage();

        if ($._initializing) {
            revert InvalidInitialization();
        }
        if ($._initialized != type(uint64).max) {
            $._initialized = type(uint64).max;
            emit Initialized(type(uint64).max);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the highest version that has been initialized. See {reinitializer}.
     */
    function _getInitializedVersion() internal view returns (uint64) {
        return _getInitializableStorage()._initialized;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if the contract is currently initializing. See {onlyInitializing}.
     */
    function _isInitializing() internal view returns (bool) {
        return _getInitializableStorage()._initializing;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns a pointer to the storage namespace.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
    function _getInitializableStorage() private pure returns (InitializableStorage storage $) {
        assembly {
            $.slot := INITIALIZABLE_STORAGE
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/ERC721/extensions/ERC721Royalty.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {ERC721Upgradeable} from "../ERC721Upgradeable.sol";
import {ERC2981Upgradeable} from "../../common/ERC2981Upgradeable.sol";
import {Initializable} from "../../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Extension of ERC-721 with the ERC-2981 NFT Royalty Standard, a standardized way to retrieve royalty payment
 * information.
 *
 * Royalty information can be specified globally for all token ids via {ERC2981-_setDefaultRoyalty}, and/or individually
 * for specific token ids via {ERC2981-_setTokenRoyalty}. The latter takes precedence over the first.
 *
 * IMPORTANT: ERC-2981 only specifies a way to signal royalty information and does not enforce its payment. See
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2981#optional-royalty-payments[Rationale] in the ERC. Marketplaces are expected to
 * voluntarily pay royalties together with sales, but note that this standard is not yet widely supported.
 */
abstract contract ERC721RoyaltyUpgradeable is Initializable, ERC2981Upgradeable, ERC721Upgradeable {
    function __ERC721Royalty_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __ERC721Royalty_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override(ERC721Upgradeable, ERC2981Upgradeable) returns (bool) {
        return super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/ERC721/extensions/ERC721URIStorage.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {ERC721Upgradeable} from "../ERC721Upgradeable.sol";
import {Strings} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Strings.sol";
import {IERC4906} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/interfaces/IERC4906.sol";
import {IERC165} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";
import {Initializable} from "../../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev ERC-721 token with storage based token URI management.
 */
abstract contract ERC721URIStorageUpgradeable is Initializable, IERC4906, ERC721Upgradeable {
    using Strings for uint256;

    // Interface ID as defined in ERC-4906. This does not correspond to a traditional interface ID as ERC-4906 only
    // defines events and does not include any external function.
    bytes4 private constant ERC4906_INTERFACE_ID = bytes4(0x49064906);

    /// @custom:storage-location erc7201:openzeppelin.storage.ERC721URIStorage
    struct ERC721URIStorageStorage {
        // Optional mapping for token URIs
        mapping(uint256 tokenId => string) _tokenURIs;
    }

    // keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("openzeppelin.storage.ERC721URIStorage")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff))
    bytes32 private constant ERC721URIStorageStorageLocation = 0x0542a41881ee128a365a727b282c86fa859579490b9bb45aab8503648c8e7900;

    function _getERC721URIStorageStorage() private pure returns (ERC721URIStorageStorage storage $) {
        assembly {
            $.slot := ERC721URIStorageStorageLocation
        }
    }

    function __ERC721URIStorage_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __ERC721URIStorage_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override(ERC721Upgradeable, IERC165) returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == ERC4906_INTERFACE_ID || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Metadata-tokenURI}.
     */
    function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        ERC721URIStorageStorage storage $ = _getERC721URIStorageStorage();
        _requireOwned(tokenId);

        string memory _tokenURI = $._tokenURIs[tokenId];
        string memory base = _baseURI();

        // If there is no base URI, return the token URI.
        if (bytes(base).length == 0) {
            return _tokenURI;
        }
        // If both are set, concatenate the baseURI and tokenURI (via string.concat).
        if (bytes(_tokenURI).length > 0) {
            return string.concat(base, _tokenURI);
        }

        return super.tokenURI(tokenId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets `_tokenURI` as the tokenURI of `tokenId`.
     *
     * Emits {MetadataUpdate}.
     */
    function _setTokenURI(uint256 tokenId, string memory _tokenURI) internal virtual {
        ERC721URIStorageStorage storage $ = _getERC721URIStorageStorage();
        $._tokenURIs[tokenId] = _tokenURI;
        emit MetadataUpdate(tokenId);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/ERC721/extensions/ERC721Enumerable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {ERC721Upgradeable} from "../ERC721Upgradeable.sol";
import {IERC721Enumerable} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/extensions/IERC721Enumerable.sol";
import {IERC165} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";
import {Initializable} from "../../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev This implements an optional extension of {ERC721} defined in the ERC that adds enumerability
 * of all the token ids in the contract as well as all token ids owned by each account.
 *
 * CAUTION: {ERC721} extensions that implement custom `balanceOf` logic, such as {ERC721Consecutive},
 * interfere with enumerability and should not be used together with {ERC721Enumerable}.
 */
abstract contract ERC721EnumerableUpgradeable is Initializable, ERC721Upgradeable, IERC721Enumerable {
    /// @custom:storage-location erc7201:openzeppelin.storage.ERC721Enumerable
    struct ERC721EnumerableStorage {
        mapping(address owner => mapping(uint256 index => uint256)) _ownedTokens;
        mapping(uint256 tokenId => uint256) _ownedTokensIndex;

        uint256[] _allTokens;
        mapping(uint256 tokenId => uint256) _allTokensIndex;
    }

    // keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("openzeppelin.storage.ERC721Enumerable")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff))
    bytes32 private constant ERC721EnumerableStorageLocation = 0x645e039705490088daad89bae25049a34f4a9072d398537b1ab2425f24cbed00;

    function _getERC721EnumerableStorage() private pure returns (ERC721EnumerableStorage storage $) {
        assembly {
            $.slot := ERC721EnumerableStorageLocation
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev An `owner`'s token query was out of bounds for `index`.
     *
     * NOTE: The owner being `address(0)` indicates a global out of bounds index.
     */
    error ERC721OutOfBoundsIndex(address owner, uint256 index);

    /**
     * @dev Batch mint is not allowed.
     */
    error ERC721EnumerableForbiddenBatchMint();

    function __ERC721Enumerable_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __ERC721Enumerable_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override(IERC165, ERC721Upgradeable) returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IERC721Enumerable).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Enumerable-tokenOfOwnerByIndex}.
     */
    function tokenOfOwnerByIndex(address owner, uint256 index) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        ERC721EnumerableStorage storage $ = _getERC721EnumerableStorage();
        if (index >= balanceOf(owner)) {
            revert ERC721OutOfBoundsIndex(owner, index);
        }
        return $._ownedTokens[owner][index];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Enumerable-totalSupply}.
     */
    function totalSupply() public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        ERC721EnumerableStorage storage $ = _getERC721EnumerableStorage();
        return $._allTokens.length;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Enumerable-tokenByIndex}.
     */
    function tokenByIndex(uint256 index) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        ERC721EnumerableStorage storage $ = _getERC721EnumerableStorage();
        if (index >= totalSupply()) {
            revert ERC721OutOfBoundsIndex(address(0), index);
        }
        return $._allTokens[index];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {ERC721-_update}.
     */
    function _update(address to, uint256 tokenId, address auth) internal virtual override returns (address) {
        address previousOwner = super._update(to, tokenId, auth);

        if (previousOwner == address(0)) {
            _addTokenToAllTokensEnumeration(tokenId);
        } else if (previousOwner != to) {
            _removeTokenFromOwnerEnumeration(previousOwner, tokenId);
        }
        if (to == address(0)) {
            _removeTokenFromAllTokensEnumeration(tokenId);
        } else if (previousOwner != to) {
            _addTokenToOwnerEnumeration(to, tokenId);
        }

        return previousOwner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Private function to add a token to this extension's ownership-tracking data structures.
     * @param to address representing the new owner of the given token ID
     * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be added to the tokens list of the given address
     */
    function _addTokenToOwnerEnumeration(address to, uint256 tokenId) private {
        ERC721EnumerableStorage storage $ = _getERC721EnumerableStorage();
        uint256 length = balanceOf(to) - 1;
        $._ownedTokens[to][length] = tokenId;
        $._ownedTokensIndex[tokenId] = length;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Private function to add a token to this extension's token tracking data structures.
     * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be added to the tokens list
     */
    function _addTokenToAllTokensEnumeration(uint256 tokenId) private {
        ERC721EnumerableStorage storage $ = _getERC721EnumerableStorage();
        $._allTokensIndex[tokenId] = $._allTokens.length;
        $._allTokens.push(tokenId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Private function to remove a token from this extension's ownership-tracking data structures. Note that
     * while the token is not assigned a new owner, the `_ownedTokensIndex` mapping is _not_ updated: this allows for
     * gas optimizations e.g. when performing a transfer operation (avoiding double writes).
     * This has O(1) time complexity, but alters the order of the _ownedTokens array.
     * @param from address representing the previous owner of the given token ID
     * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be removed from the tokens list of the given address
     */
    function _removeTokenFromOwnerEnumeration(address from, uint256 tokenId) private {
        ERC721EnumerableStorage storage $ = _getERC721EnumerableStorage();
        // To prevent a gap in from's tokens array, we store the last token in the index of the token to delete, and
        // then delete the last slot (swap and pop).

        uint256 lastTokenIndex = balanceOf(from);
        uint256 tokenIndex = $._ownedTokensIndex[tokenId];

        mapping(uint256 index => uint256) storage _ownedTokensByOwner = $._ownedTokens[from];

        // When the token to delete is the last token, the swap operation is unnecessary
        if (tokenIndex != lastTokenIndex) {
            uint256 lastTokenId = _ownedTokensByOwner[lastTokenIndex];

            _ownedTokensByOwner[tokenIndex] = lastTokenId; // Move the last token to the slot of the to-delete token
            $._ownedTokensIndex[lastTokenId] = tokenIndex; // Update the moved token's index
        }

        // This also deletes the contents at the last position of the array
        delete $._ownedTokensIndex[tokenId];
        delete _ownedTokensByOwner[lastTokenIndex];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Private function to remove a token from this extension's token tracking data structures.
     * This has O(1) time complexity, but alters the order of the _allTokens array.
     * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be removed from the tokens list
     */
    function _removeTokenFromAllTokensEnumeration(uint256 tokenId) private {
        ERC721EnumerableStorage storage $ = _getERC721EnumerableStorage();
        // To prevent a gap in the tokens array, we store the last token in the index of the token to delete, and
        // then delete the last slot (swap and pop).

        uint256 lastTokenIndex = $._allTokens.length - 1;
        uint256 tokenIndex = $._allTokensIndex[tokenId];

        // When the token to delete is the last token, the swap operation is unnecessary. However, since this occurs so
        // rarely (when the last minted token is burnt) that we still do the swap here to avoid the gas cost of adding
        // an 'if' statement (like in _removeTokenFromOwnerEnumeration)
        uint256 lastTokenId = $._allTokens[lastTokenIndex];

        $._allTokens[tokenIndex] = lastTokenId; // Move the last token to the slot of the to-delete token
        $._allTokensIndex[lastTokenId] = tokenIndex; // Update the moved token's index

        // This also deletes the contents at the last position of the array
        delete $._allTokensIndex[tokenId];
        $._allTokens.pop();
    }

    /**
     * See {ERC721-_increaseBalance}. We need that to account tokens that were minted in batch
     */
    function _increaseBalance(address account, uint128 amount) internal virtual override {
        if (amount > 0) {
            revert ERC721EnumerableForbiddenBatchMint();
        }
        super._increaseBalance(account, amount);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.2.0) (proxy/utils/UUPSUpgradeable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.22;

import {IERC1822Proxiable} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/interfaces/draft-IERC1822.sol";
import {ERC1967Utils} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/proxy/ERC1967/ERC1967Utils.sol";
import {Initializable} from "./Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev An upgradeability mechanism designed for UUPS proxies. The functions included here can perform an upgrade of an
 * {ERC1967Proxy}, when this contract is set as the implementation behind such a proxy.
 *
 * A security mechanism ensures that an upgrade does not turn off upgradeability accidentally, although this risk is
 * reinstated if the upgrade retains upgradeability but removes the security mechanism, e.g. by replacing
 * `UUPSUpgradeable` with a custom implementation of upgrades.
 *
 * The {_authorizeUpgrade} function must be overridden to include access restriction to the upgrade mechanism.
 */
abstract contract UUPSUpgradeable is Initializable, IERC1822Proxiable {
    /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow state-variable-immutable
    address private immutable __self = address(this);

    /**
     * @dev The version of the upgrade interface of the contract. If this getter is missing, both `upgradeTo(address)`
     * and `upgradeToAndCall(address,bytes)` are present, and `upgradeTo` must be used if no function should be called,
     * while `upgradeToAndCall` will invoke the `receive` function if the second argument is the empty byte string.
     * If the getter returns `"5.0.0"`, only `upgradeToAndCall(address,bytes)` is present, and the second argument must
     * be the empty byte string if no function should be called, making it impossible to invoke the `receive` function
     * during an upgrade.
     */
    string public constant UPGRADE_INTERFACE_VERSION = "5.0.0";

    /**
     * @dev The call is from an unauthorized context.
     */
    error UUPSUnauthorizedCallContext();

    /**
     * @dev The storage `slot` is unsupported as a UUID.
     */
    error UUPSUnsupportedProxiableUUID(bytes32 slot);

    /**
     * @dev Check that the execution is being performed through a delegatecall call and that the execution context is
     * a proxy contract with an implementation (as defined in ERC-1967) pointing to self. This should only be the case
     * for UUPS and transparent proxies that are using the current contract as their implementation. Execution of a
     * function through ERC-1167 minimal proxies (clones) would not normally pass this test, but is not guaranteed to
     * fail.
     */
    modifier onlyProxy() {
        _checkProxy();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Check that the execution is not being performed through a delegate call. This allows a function to be
     * callable on the implementing contract but not through proxies.
     */
    modifier notDelegated() {
        _checkNotDelegated();
        _;
    }

    function __UUPSUpgradeable_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __UUPSUpgradeable_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    /**
     * @dev Implementation of the ERC-1822 {proxiableUUID} function. This returns the storage slot used by the
     * implementation. It is used to validate the implementation's compatibility when performing an upgrade.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: A proxy pointing at a proxiable contract should not be considered proxiable itself, because this risks
     * bricking a proxy that upgrades to it, by delegating to itself until out of gas. Thus it is critical that this
     * function revert if invoked through a proxy. This is guaranteed by the `notDelegated` modifier.
     */
    function proxiableUUID() external view virtual notDelegated returns (bytes32) {
        return ERC1967Utils.IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Upgrade the implementation of the proxy to `newImplementation`, and subsequently execute the function call
     * encoded in `data`.
     *
     * Calls {_authorizeUpgrade}.
     *
     * Emits an {Upgraded} event.
     *
     * @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow-reachable delegatecall
     */
    function upgradeToAndCall(address newImplementation, bytes memory data) public payable virtual onlyProxy {
        _authorizeUpgrade(newImplementation);
        _upgradeToAndCallUUPS(newImplementation, data);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts if the execution is not performed via delegatecall or the execution
     * context is not of a proxy with an ERC-1967 compliant implementation pointing to self.
     * See {_onlyProxy}.
     */
    function _checkProxy() internal view virtual {
        if (
            address(this) == __self || // Must be called through delegatecall
            ERC1967Utils.getImplementation() != __self // Must be called through an active proxy
        ) {
            revert UUPSUnauthorizedCallContext();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts if the execution is performed via delegatecall.
     * See {notDelegated}.
     */
    function _checkNotDelegated() internal view virtual {
        if (address(this) != __self) {
            // Must not be called through delegatecall
            revert UUPSUnauthorizedCallContext();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Function that should revert when `msg.sender` is not authorized to upgrade the contract. Called by
     * {upgradeToAndCall}.
     *
     * Normally, this function will use an xref:access.adoc[access control] modifier such as {Ownable-onlyOwner}.
     *
     * ```solidity
     * function _authorizeUpgrade(address) internal onlyOwner {}
     * ```
     */
    function _authorizeUpgrade(address newImplementation) internal virtual;

    /**
     * @dev Performs an implementation upgrade with a security check for UUPS proxies, and additional setup call.
     *
     * As a security check, {proxiableUUID} is invoked in the new implementation, and the return value
     * is expected to be the implementation slot in ERC-1967.
     *
     * Emits an {IERC1967-Upgraded} event.
     */
    function _upgradeToAndCallUUPS(address newImplementation, bytes memory data) private {
        try IERC1822Proxiable(newImplementation).proxiableUUID() returns (bytes32 slot) {
            if (slot != ERC1967Utils.IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT) {
                revert UUPSUnsupportedProxiableUUID(slot);
            }
            ERC1967Utils.upgradeToAndCall(newImplementation, data);
        } catch {
            // The implementation is not UUPS
            revert ERC1967Utils.ERC1967InvalidImplementation(newImplementation);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (access/Ownable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {ContextUpgradeable} from "../utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import {Initializable} from "../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module which provides a basic access control mechanism, where
 * there is an account (an owner) that can be granted exclusive access to
 * specific functions.
 *
 * The initial owner is set to the address provided by the deployer. This can
 * later be changed with {transferOwnership}.
 *
 * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the modifier
 * `onlyOwner`, which can be applied to your functions to restrict their use to
 * the owner.
 */
abstract contract OwnableUpgradeable is Initializable, ContextUpgradeable {
    /// @custom:storage-location erc7201:openzeppelin.storage.Ownable
    struct OwnableStorage {
        address _owner;
    }

    // keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("openzeppelin.storage.Ownable")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff))
    bytes32 private constant OwnableStorageLocation = 0x9016d09d72d40fdae2fd8ceac6b6234c7706214fd39c1cd1e609a0528c199300;

    function _getOwnableStorage() private pure returns (OwnableStorage storage $) {
        assembly {
            $.slot := OwnableStorageLocation
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev The caller account is not authorized to perform an operation.
     */
    error OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(address account);

    /**
     * @dev The owner is not a valid owner account. (eg. `address(0)`)
     */
    error OwnableInvalidOwner(address owner);

    event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the contract setting the address provided by the deployer as the initial owner.
     */
    function __Ownable_init(address initialOwner) internal onlyInitializing {
        __Ownable_init_unchained(initialOwner);
    }

    function __Ownable_init_unchained(address initialOwner) internal onlyInitializing {
        if (initialOwner == address(0)) {
            revert OwnableInvalidOwner(address(0));
        }
        _transferOwnership(initialOwner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
     */
    modifier onlyOwner() {
        _checkOwner();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address of the current owner.
     */
    function owner() public view virtual returns (address) {
        OwnableStorage storage $ = _getOwnableStorage();
        return $._owner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if the sender is not the owner.
     */
    function _checkOwner() internal view virtual {
        if (owner() != _msgSender()) {
            revert OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(_msgSender());
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Leaves the contract without owner. It will not be possible to call
     * `onlyOwner` functions. Can only be called by the current owner.
     *
     * NOTE: Renouncing ownership will leave the contract without an owner,
     * thereby disabling any functionality that is only available to the owner.
     */
    function renounceOwnership() public virtual onlyOwner {
        _transferOwnership(address(0));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
     * Can only be called by the current owner.
     */
    function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public virtual onlyOwner {
        if (newOwner == address(0)) {
            revert OwnableInvalidOwner(address(0));
        }
        _transferOwnership(newOwner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     */
    function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal virtual {
        OwnableStorage storage $ = _getOwnableStorage();
        address oldOwner = $._owner;
        $._owner = newOwner;
        emit OwnershipTransferred(oldOwner, newOwner);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.28;

import "./IKugleToken.sol";

// Interface for Heat and Carbon tokens
interface IRessourcesTokens is IKugleToken {
    function mint(address _to, uint256 _amount) external;
    function burn(address _from, uint256 _amount) external;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.28;

interface IReactor {
    function initialize(address _guAddress, address _kugleNFT) external;

    function blockGu(uint256 _amount) external;

    function unblockGu(uint256 _amount) external;

    function getBlockedGuByAddress(address _address) external view returns (uint256);

    function PopCapNotReached(uint256 _amount) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/math/Math.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Panic} from "../Panic.sol";
import {SafeCast} from "./SafeCast.sol";

/**
 * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library Math {
    enum Rounding {
        Floor, // Toward negative infinity
        Ceil, // Toward positive infinity
        Trunc, // Toward zero
        Expand // Away from zero
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, with an success flag (no overflow).
     */
    function tryAdd(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 c = a + b;
            if (c < a) return (false, 0);
            return (true, c);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, with an success flag (no overflow).
     */
    function trySub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (b > a) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a - b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, with an success flag (no overflow).
     */
    function tryMul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
            // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
            // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/522
            if (a == 0) return (true, 0);
            uint256 c = a * b;
            if (c / a != b) return (false, 0);
            return (true, c);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the division of two unsigned integers, with a success flag (no division by zero).
     */
    function tryDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (b == 0) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a / b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers, with a success flag (no division by zero).
     */
    function tryMod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (b == 0) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a % b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Branchless ternary evaluation for `a ? b : c`. Gas costs are constant.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: This function may reduce bytecode size and consume less gas when used standalone.
     * However, the compiler may optimize Solidity ternary operations (i.e. `a ? b : c`) to only compute
     * one branch when needed, making this function more expensive.
     */
    function ternary(bool condition, uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            // branchless ternary works because:
            // b ^ (a ^ b) == a
            // b ^ 0 == b
            return b ^ ((a ^ b) * SafeCast.toUint(condition));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
     */
    function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return ternary(a > b, a, b);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
     */
    function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return ternary(a < b, a, b);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards
     * zero.
     */
    function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b) / 2 can overflow.
        return (a & b) + (a ^ b) / 2;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the ceiling of the division of two numbers.
     *
     * This differs from standard division with `/` in that it rounds towards infinity instead
     * of rounding towards zero.
     */
    function ceilDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (b == 0) {
            // Guarantee the same behavior as in a regular Solidity division.
            Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO);
        }

        // The following calculation ensures accurate ceiling division without overflow.
        // Since a is non-zero, (a - 1) / b will not overflow.
        // The largest possible result occurs when (a - 1) / b is type(uint256).max,
        // but the largest value we can obtain is type(uint256).max - 1, which happens
        // when a = type(uint256).max and b = 1.
        unchecked {
            return SafeCast.toUint(a > 0) * ((a - 1) / b + 1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculates floor(x * y / denominator) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256 or
     * denominator == 0.
     *
     * Original credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license (https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv) with further edits by
     * Uniswap Labs also under MIT license.
     */
    function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2²⁵⁶ and mod 2²⁵⁶ - 1, then use
            // the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256
            // variables such that product = prod1 * 2²⁵⁶ + prod0.
            uint256 prod0 = x * y; // Least significant 256 bits of the product
            uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product
            assembly {
                let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
                prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
            }

            // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division.
            if (prod1 == 0) {
                // Solidity will revert if denominator == 0, unlike the div opcode on its own.
                // The surrounding unchecked block does not change this fact.
                // See https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/control-structures.html#checked-or-unchecked-arithmetic.
                return prod0 / denominator;
            }

            // Make sure the result is less than 2²⁵⁶. Also prevents denominator == 0.
            if (denominator <= prod1) {
                Panic.panic(ternary(denominator == 0, Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO, Panic.UNDER_OVERFLOW));
            }

            ///////////////////////////////////////////////
            // 512 by 256 division.
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////

            // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0].
            uint256 remainder;
            assembly {
                // Compute remainder using mulmod.
                remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator)

                // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number.
                prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0))
                prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder)
            }

            // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator.
            // Always >= 1. See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363.

            uint256 twos = denominator & (0 - denominator);
            assembly {
                // Divide denominator by twos.
                denominator := div(denominator, twos)

                // Divide [prod1 prod0] by twos.
                prod0 := div(prod0, twos)

                // Flip twos such that it is 2²⁵⁶ / twos. If twos is zero, then it becomes one.
                twos := add(div(sub(0, twos), twos), 1)
            }

            // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0.
            prod0 |= prod1 * twos;

            // Invert denominator mod 2²⁵⁶. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2²⁵⁶ such
            // that denominator * inv ≡ 1 mod 2²⁵⁶. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for
            // four bits. That is, denominator * inv ≡ 1 mod 2⁴.
            uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2;

            // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also
            // works in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step.
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2⁸
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2¹⁶
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2³²
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2⁶⁴
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2¹²⁸
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2²⁵⁶

            // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator.
            // This will give us the correct result modulo 2²⁵⁶. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is
            // less than 2²⁵⁶, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1
            // is no longer required.
            result = prod0 * inverse;
            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculates x * y / denominator with full precision, following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mulDiv(x, y, denominator) + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && mulmod(x, y, denominator) > 0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculate the modular multiplicative inverse of a number in Z/nZ.
     *
     * If n is a prime, then Z/nZ is a field. In that case all elements are inversible, except 0.
     * If n is not a prime, then Z/nZ is not a field, and some elements might not be inversible.
     *
     * If the input value is not inversible, 0 is returned.
     *
     * NOTE: If you know for sure that n is (big) a prime, it may be cheaper to use Fermat's little theorem and get the
     * inverse using `Math.modExp(a, n - 2, n)`. See {invModPrime}.
     */
    function invMod(uint256 a, uint256 n) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            if (n == 0) return 0;

            // The inverse modulo is calculated using the Extended Euclidean Algorithm (iterative version)
            // Used to compute integers x and y such that: ax + ny = gcd(a, n).
            // When the gcd is 1, then the inverse of a modulo n exists and it's x.
            // ax + ny = 1
            // ax = 1 + (-y)n
            // ax ≡ 1 (mod n) # x is the inverse of a modulo n

            // If the remainder is 0 the gcd is n right away.
            uint256 remainder = a % n;
            uint256 gcd = n;

            // Therefore the initial coefficients are:
            // ax + ny = gcd(a, n) = n
            // 0a + 1n = n
            int256 x = 0;
            int256 y = 1;

            while (remainder != 0) {
                uint256 quotient = gcd / remainder;

                (gcd, remainder) = (
                    // The old remainder is the next gcd to try.
                    remainder,
                    // Compute the next remainder.
                    // Can't overflow given that (a % gcd) * (gcd // (a % gcd)) <= gcd
                    // where gcd is at most n (capped to type(uint256).max)
                    gcd - remainder * quotient
                );

                (x, y) = (
                    // Increment the coefficient of a.
                    y,
                    // Decrement the coefficient of n.
                    // Can overflow, but the result is casted to uint256 so that the
                    // next value of y is "wrapped around" to a value between 0 and n - 1.
                    x - y * int256(quotient)
                );
            }

            if (gcd != 1) return 0; // No inverse exists.
            return ternary(x < 0, n - uint256(-x), uint256(x)); // Wrap the result if it's negative.
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {invMod}. More efficient, but only works if `p` is known to be a prime greater than `2`.
     *
     * From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_little_theorem[Fermat's little theorem], we know that if p is
     * prime, then `a**(p-1) ≡ 1 mod p`. As a consequence, we have `a * a**(p-2) ≡ 1 mod p`, which means that
     * `a**(p-2)` is the modular multiplicative inverse of a in Fp.
     *
     * NOTE: this function does NOT check that `p` is a prime greater than `2`.
     */
    function invModPrime(uint256 a, uint256 p) internal view returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            return Math.modExp(a, p - 2, p);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the modular exponentiation of the specified base, exponent and modulus (b ** e % m)
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - modulus can't be zero
     * - underlying staticcall to precompile must succeed
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The result is only valid if the underlying call succeeds. When using this function, make
     * sure the chain you're using it on supports the precompiled contract for modular exponentiation
     * at address 0x05 as specified in https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-198[EIP-198]. Otherwise,
     * the underlying function will succeed given the lack of a revert, but the result may be incorrectly
     * interpreted as 0.
     */
    function modExp(uint256 b, uint256 e, uint256 m) internal view returns (uint256) {
        (bool success, uint256 result) = tryModExp(b, e, m);
        if (!success) {
            Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the modular exponentiation of the specified base, exponent and modulus (b ** e % m).
     * It includes a success flag indicating if the operation succeeded. Operation will be marked as failed if trying
     * to operate modulo 0 or if the underlying precompile reverted.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The result is only valid if the success flag is true. When using this function, make sure the chain
     * you're using it on supports the precompiled contract for modular exponentiation at address 0x05 as specified in
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-198[EIP-198]. Otherwise, the underlying function will succeed given the lack
     * of a revert, but the result may be incorrectly interpreted as 0.
     */
    function tryModExp(uint256 b, uint256 e, uint256 m) internal view returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        if (m == 0) return (false, 0);
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            let ptr := mload(0x40)
            // | Offset    | Content    | Content (Hex)                                                      |
            // |-----------|------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
            // | 0x00:0x1f | size of b  | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 |
            // | 0x20:0x3f | size of e  | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 |
            // | 0x40:0x5f | size of m  | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 |
            // | 0x60:0x7f | value of b | 0x<.............................................................b> |
            // | 0x80:0x9f | value of e | 0x<.............................................................e> |
            // | 0xa0:0xbf | value of m | 0x<.............................................................m> |
            mstore(ptr, 0x20)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x20), 0x20)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x40), 0x20)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x60), b)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x80), e)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0xa0), m)

            // Given the result < m, it's guaranteed to fit in 32 bytes,
            // so we can use the memory scratch space located at offset 0.
            success := staticcall(gas(), 0x05, ptr, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x20)
            result := mload(0x00)
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {modExp} that supports inputs of arbitrary length.
     */
    function modExp(bytes memory b, bytes memory e, bytes memory m) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory result) = tryModExp(b, e, m);
        if (!success) {
            Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {tryModExp} that supports inputs of arbitrary length.
     */
    function tryModExp(
        bytes memory b,
        bytes memory e,
        bytes memory m
    ) internal view returns (bool success, bytes memory result) {
        if (_zeroBytes(m)) return (false, new bytes(0));

        uint256 mLen = m.length;

        // Encode call args in result and move the free memory pointer
        result = abi.encodePacked(b.length, e.length, mLen, b, e, m);

        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            let dataPtr := add(result, 0x20)
            // Write result on top of args to avoid allocating extra memory.
            success := staticcall(gas(), 0x05, dataPtr, mload(result), dataPtr, mLen)
            // Overwrite the length.
            // result.length > returndatasize() is guaranteed because returndatasize() == m.length
            mstore(result, mLen)
            // Set the memory pointer after the returned data.
            mstore(0x40, add(dataPtr, mLen))
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether the provided byte array is zero.
     */
    function _zeroBytes(bytes memory byteArray) private pure returns (bool) {
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < byteArray.length; ++i) {
            if (byteArray[i] != 0) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the square root of a number. If the number is not a perfect square, the value is rounded
     * towards zero.
     *
     * This method is based on Newton's method for computing square roots; the algorithm is restricted to only
     * using integer operations.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            // Take care of easy edge cases when a == 0 or a == 1
            if (a <= 1) {
                return a;
            }

            // In this function, we use Newton's method to get a root of `f(x) := x² - a`. It involves building a
            // sequence x_n that converges toward sqrt(a). For each iteration x_n, we also define the error between
            // the current value as `ε_n = | x_n - sqrt(a) |`.
            //
            // For our first estimation, we consider `e` the smallest power of 2 which is bigger than the square root
            // of the target. (i.e. `2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e`). We know that `e ≤ 128` because `(2¹²⁸)² = 2²⁵⁶` is
            // bigger than any uint256.
            //
            // By noticing that
            // `2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e → (2**(e-1))² ≤ a < (2**e)² → 2**(2*e-2) ≤ a < 2**(2*e)`
            // we can deduce that `e - 1` is `log2(a) / 2`. We can thus compute `x_n = 2**(e-1)` using a method similar
            // to the msb function.
            uint256 aa = a;
            uint256 xn = 1;

            if (aa >= (1 << 128)) {
                aa >>= 128;
                xn <<= 64;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 64)) {
                aa >>= 64;
                xn <<= 32;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 32)) {
                aa >>= 32;
                xn <<= 16;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 16)) {
                aa >>= 16;
                xn <<= 8;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 8)) {
                aa >>= 8;
                xn <<= 4;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 4)) {
                aa >>= 4;
                xn <<= 2;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 2)) {
                xn <<= 1;
            }

            // We now have x_n such that `x_n = 2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e = 2 * x_n`. This implies ε_n ≤ 2**(e-1).
            //
            // We can refine our estimation by noticing that the middle of that interval minimizes the error.
            // If we move x_n to equal 2**(e-1) + 2**(e-2), then we reduce the error to ε_n ≤ 2**(e-2).
            // This is going to be our x_0 (and ε_0)
            xn = (3 * xn) >> 1; // ε_0 := | x_0 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-2)

            // From here, Newton's method give us:
            // x_{n+1} = (x_n + a / x_n) / 2
            //
            // One should note that:
            // x_{n+1}² - a = ((x_n + a / x_n) / 2)² - a
            //              = ((x_n² + a) / (2 * x_n))² - a
            //              = (x_n⁴ + 2 * a * x_n² + a²) / (4 * x_n²) - a
            //              = (x_n⁴ + 2 * a * x_n² + a² - 4 * a * x_n²) / (4 * x_n²)
            //              = (x_n⁴ - 2 * a * x_n² + a²) / (4 * x_n²)
            //              = (x_n² - a)² / (2 * x_n)²
            //              = ((x_n² - a) / (2 * x_n))²
            //              ≥ 0
            // Which proves that for all n ≥ 1, sqrt(a) ≤ x_n
            //
            // This gives us the proof of quadratic convergence of the sequence:
            // ε_{n+1} = | x_{n+1} - sqrt(a) |
            //         = | (x_n + a / x_n) / 2 - sqrt(a) |
            //         = | (x_n² + a - 2*x_n*sqrt(a)) / (2 * x_n) |
            //         = | (x_n - sqrt(a))² / (2 * x_n) |
            //         = | ε_n² / (2 * x_n) |
            //         = ε_n² / | (2 * x_n) |
            //
            // For the first iteration, we have a special case where x_0 is known:
            // ε_1 = ε_0² / | (2 * x_0) |
            //     ≤ (2**(e-2))² / (2 * (2**(e-1) + 2**(e-2)))
            //     ≤ 2**(2*e-4) / (3 * 2**(e-1))
            //     ≤ 2**(e-3) / 3
            //     ≤ 2**(e-3-log2(3))
            //     ≤ 2**(e-4.5)
            //
            // For the following iterations, we use the fact that, 2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) ≤ x_n:
            // ε_{n+1} = ε_n² / | (2 * x_n) |
            //         ≤ (2**(e-k))² / (2 * 2**(e-1))
            //         ≤ 2**(2*e-2*k) / 2**e
            //         ≤ 2**(e-2*k)
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_1 := | x_1 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-4.5)  -- special case, see above
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_2 := | x_2 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-9)    -- general case with k = 4.5
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_3 := | x_3 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-18)   -- general case with k = 9
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_4 := | x_4 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-36)   -- general case with k = 18
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_5 := | x_5 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-72)   -- general case with k = 36
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_6 := | x_6 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-144)  -- general case with k = 72

            // Because e ≤ 128 (as discussed during the first estimation phase), we know have reached a precision
            // ε_6 ≤ 2**(e-144) < 1. Given we're operating on integers, then we can ensure that xn is now either
            // sqrt(a) or sqrt(a) + 1.
            return xn - SafeCast.toUint(xn > a / xn);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculates sqrt(a), following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = sqrt(a);
            return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && result * result < a);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        uint256 exp;
        unchecked {
            exp = 128 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 128) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 64 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 64) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 32 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 32) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 16 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 16) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 8 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 8) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 4 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 4) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 2 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 2) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            result += SafeCast.toUint(value > 1);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log2(value);
            return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << result < value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >= 10 ** 64) {
                value /= 10 ** 64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 32) {
                value /= 10 ** 32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 16) {
                value /= 10 ** 16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 8) {
                value /= 10 ** 8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 4) {
                value /= 10 ** 4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 2) {
                value /= 10 ** 2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 1) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log10(value);
            return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 10 ** result < value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     *
     * Adding one to the result gives the number of pairs of hex symbols needed to represent `value` as a hex string.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        uint256 isGt;
        unchecked {
            isGt = SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 128) - 1);
            value >>= isGt * 128;
            result += isGt * 16;

            isGt = SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 64) - 1);
            value >>= isGt * 64;
            result += isGt * 8;

            isGt = SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 32) - 1);
            value >>= isGt * 32;
            result += isGt * 4;

            isGt = SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 16) - 1);
            value >>= isGt * 16;
            result += isGt * 2;

            result += SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 8) - 1);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log256(value);
            return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << (result << 3) < value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether a provided rounding mode is considered rounding up for unsigned integers.
     */
    function unsignedRoundsUp(Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return uint8(rounding) % 2 == 1;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/math/SafeCast.sol)
// This file was procedurally generated from scripts/generate/templates/SafeCast.js.

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Wrappers over Solidity's uintXX/intXX/bool casting operators with added overflow
 * checks.
 *
 * Downcasting from uint256/int256 in Solidity does not revert on overflow. This can
 * easily result in undesired exploitation or bugs, since developers usually
 * assume that overflows raise errors. `SafeCast` restores this intuition by
 * reverting the transaction when such an operation overflows.
 *
 * Using this library instead of the unchecked operations eliminates an entire
 * class of bugs, so it's recommended to use it always.
 */
library SafeCast {
    /**
     * @dev Value doesn't fit in an uint of `bits` size.
     */
    error SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(uint8 bits, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev An int value doesn't fit in an uint of `bits` size.
     */
    error SafeCastOverflowedIntToUint(int256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Value doesn't fit in an int of `bits` size.
     */
    error SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(uint8 bits, int256 value);

    /**
     * @dev An uint value doesn't fit in an int of `bits` size.
     */
    error SafeCastOverflowedUintToInt(uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint248 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint248).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint248` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 248 bits
     */
    function toUint248(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint248) {
        if (value > type(uint248).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(248, value);
        }
        return uint248(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint240 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint240).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint240` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 240 bits
     */
    function toUint240(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint240) {
        if (value > type(uint240).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(240, value);
        }
        return uint240(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint232 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint232).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint232` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 232 bits
     */
    function toUint232(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint232) {
        if (value > type(uint232).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(232, value);
        }
        return uint232(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint224 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint224).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint224` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 224 bits
     */
    function toUint224(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint224) {
        if (value > type(uint224).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(224, value);
        }
        return uint224(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint216 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint216).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint216` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 216 bits
     */
    function toUint216(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint216) {
        if (value > type(uint216).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(216, value);
        }
        return uint216(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint208 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint208).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint208` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 208 bits
     */
    function toUint208(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint208) {
        if (value > type(uint208).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(208, value);
        }
        return uint208(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint200 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint200).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint200` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 200 bits
     */
    function toUint200(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint200) {
        if (value > type(uint200).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(200, value);
        }
        return uint200(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint192 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint192).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint192` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 192 bits
     */
    function toUint192(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        if (value > type(uint192).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(192, value);
        }
        return uint192(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint184 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint184).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint184` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 184 bits
     */
    function toUint184(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint184) {
        if (value > type(uint184).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(184, value);
        }
        return uint184(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint176 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint176).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint176` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 176 bits
     */
    function toUint176(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint176) {
        if (value > type(uint176).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(176, value);
        }
        return uint176(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint168 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint168).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint168` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 168 bits
     */
    function toUint168(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint168) {
        if (value > type(uint168).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(168, value);
        }
        return uint168(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint160 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint160).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint160` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 160 bits
     */
    function toUint160(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint160) {
        if (value > type(uint160).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(160, value);
        }
        return uint160(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint152 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint152).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint152` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 152 bits
     */
    function toUint152(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint152) {
        if (value > type(uint152).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(152, value);
        }
        return uint152(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint144 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint144).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint144` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 144 bits
     */
    function toUint144(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint144) {
        if (value > type(uint144).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(144, value);
        }
        return uint144(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint136 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint136).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint136` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 136 bits
     */
    function toUint136(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint136) {
        if (value > type(uint136).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(136, value);
        }
        return uint136(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint128 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint128).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint128` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 128 bits
     */
    function toUint128(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint128) {
        if (value > type(uint128).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(128, value);
        }
        return uint128(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint120 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint120).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint120` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 120 bits
     */
    function toUint120(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint120) {
        if (value > type(uint120).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(120, value);
        }
        return uint120(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint112 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint112).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint112` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 112 bits
     */
    function toUint112(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint112) {
        if (value > type(uint112).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(112, value);
        }
        return uint112(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint104 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint104).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint104` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 104 bits
     */
    function toUint104(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint104) {
        if (value > type(uint104).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(104, value);
        }
        return uint104(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint96 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint96).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint96` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 96 bits
     */
    function toUint96(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint96) {
        if (value > type(uint96).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(96, value);
        }
        return uint96(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint88 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint88).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint88` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 88 bits
     */
    function toUint88(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint88) {
        if (value > type(uint88).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(88, value);
        }
        return uint88(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint80 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint80).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint80` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 80 bits
     */
    function toUint80(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint80) {
        if (value > type(uint80).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(80, value);
        }
        return uint80(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint72 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint72).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint72` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 72 bits
     */
    function toUint72(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint72) {
        if (value > type(uint72).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(72, value);
        }
        return uint72(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint64 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint64).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint64` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 64 bits
     */
    function toUint64(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint64) {
        if (value > type(uint64).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(64, value);
        }
        return uint64(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint56 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint56).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint56` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 56 bits
     */
    function toUint56(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint56) {
        if (value > type(uint56).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(56, value);
        }
        return uint56(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint48 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint48).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint48` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 48 bits
     */
    function toUint48(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint48) {
        if (value > type(uint48).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(48, value);
        }
        return uint48(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint40 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint40).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint40` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 40 bits
     */
    function toUint40(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint40) {
        if (value > type(uint40).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(40, value);
        }
        return uint40(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint32 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint32).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint32` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 32 bits
     */
    function toUint32(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint32) {
        if (value > type(uint32).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(32, value);
        }
        return uint32(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint24 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint24).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint24` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 24 bits
     */
    function toUint24(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint24) {
        if (value > type(uint24).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(24, value);
        }
        return uint24(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint16 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint16).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint16` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 16 bits
     */
    function toUint16(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint16) {
        if (value > type(uint16).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(16, value);
        }
        return uint16(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint8 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint8).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint8` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 8 bits
     */
    function toUint8(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint8) {
        if (value > type(uint8).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(8, value);
        }
        return uint8(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a signed int256 into an unsigned uint256.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must be greater than or equal to 0.
     */
    function toUint256(int256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (value < 0) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntToUint(value);
        }
        return uint256(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int248 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int248 or
     * greater than largest int248).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int248` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 248 bits
     */
    function toInt248(int256 value) internal pure returns (int248 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int248(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(248, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int240 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int240 or
     * greater than largest int240).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int240` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 240 bits
     */
    function toInt240(int256 value) internal pure returns (int240 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int240(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(240, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int232 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int232 or
     * greater than largest int232).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int232` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 232 bits
     */
    function toInt232(int256 value) internal pure returns (int232 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int232(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(232, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int224 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int224 or
     * greater than largest int224).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int224` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 224 bits
     */
    function toInt224(int256 value) internal pure returns (int224 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int224(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(224, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int216 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int216 or
     * greater than largest int216).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int216` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 216 bits
     */
    function toInt216(int256 value) internal pure returns (int216 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int216(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(216, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int208 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int208 or
     * greater than largest int208).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int208` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 208 bits
     */
    function toInt208(int256 value) internal pure returns (int208 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int208(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(208, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int200 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int200 or
     * greater than largest int200).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int200` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 200 bits
     */
    function toInt200(int256 value) internal pure returns (int200 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int200(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(200, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int192 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int192 or
     * greater than largest int192).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int192` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 192 bits
     */
    function toInt192(int256 value) internal pure returns (int192 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int192(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(192, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int184 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int184 or
     * greater than largest int184).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int184` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 184 bits
     */
    function toInt184(int256 value) internal pure returns (int184 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int184(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(184, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int176 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int176 or
     * greater than largest int176).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int176` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 176 bits
     */
    function toInt176(int256 value) internal pure returns (int176 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int176(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(176, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int168 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int168 or
     * greater than largest int168).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int168` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 168 bits
     */
    function toInt168(int256 value) internal pure returns (int168 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int168(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(168, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int160 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int160 or
     * greater than largest int160).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int160` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 160 bits
     */
    function toInt160(int256 value) internal pure returns (int160 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int160(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(160, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int152 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int152 or
     * greater than largest int152).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int152` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 152 bits
     */
    function toInt152(int256 value) internal pure returns (int152 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int152(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(152, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int144 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int144 or
     * greater than largest int144).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int144` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 144 bits
     */
    function toInt144(int256 value) internal pure returns (int144 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int144(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(144, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int136 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int136 or
     * greater than largest int136).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int136` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 136 bits
     */
    function toInt136(int256 value) internal pure returns (int136 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int136(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(136, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int128 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int128 or
     * greater than largest int128).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int128` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 128 bits
     */
    function toInt128(int256 value) internal pure returns (int128 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int128(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(128, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int120 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int120 or
     * greater than largest int120).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int120` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 120 bits
     */
    function toInt120(int256 value) internal pure returns (int120 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int120(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(120, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int112 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int112 or
     * greater than largest int112).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int112` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 112 bits
     */
    function toInt112(int256 value) internal pure returns (int112 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int112(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(112, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int104 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int104 or
     * greater than largest int104).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int104` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 104 bits
     */
    function toInt104(int256 value) internal pure returns (int104 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int104(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(104, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int96 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int96 or
     * greater than largest int96).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int96` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 96 bits
     */
    function toInt96(int256 value) internal pure returns (int96 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int96(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(96, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int88 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int88 or
     * greater than largest int88).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int88` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 88 bits
     */
    function toInt88(int256 value) internal pure returns (int88 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int88(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(88, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int80 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int80 or
     * greater than largest int80).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int80` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 80 bits
     */
    function toInt80(int256 value) internal pure returns (int80 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int80(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(80, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int72 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int72 or
     * greater than largest int72).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int72` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 72 bits
     */
    function toInt72(int256 value) internal pure returns (int72 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int72(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(72, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int64 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int64 or
     * greater than largest int64).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int64` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 64 bits
     */
    function toInt64(int256 value) internal pure returns (int64 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int64(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(64, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int56 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int56 or
     * greater than largest int56).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int56` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 56 bits
     */
    function toInt56(int256 value) internal pure returns (int56 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int56(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(56, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int48 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int48 or
     * greater than largest int48).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int48` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 48 bits
     */
    function toInt48(int256 value) internal pure returns (int48 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int48(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(48, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int40 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int40 or
     * greater than largest int40).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int40` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 40 bits
     */
    function toInt40(int256 value) internal pure returns (int40 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int40(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(40, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int32 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int32 or
     * greater than largest int32).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int32` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 32 bits
     */
    function toInt32(int256 value) internal pure returns (int32 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int32(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(32, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int24 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int24 or
     * greater than largest int24).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int24` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 24 bits
     */
    function toInt24(int256 value) internal pure returns (int24 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int24(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(24, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int16 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int16 or
     * greater than largest int16).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int16` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 16 bits
     */
    function toInt16(int256 value) internal pure returns (int16 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int16(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(16, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int8 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int8 or
     * greater than largest int8).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int8` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 8 bits
     */
    function toInt8(int256 value) internal pure returns (int8 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int8(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(8, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts an unsigned uint256 into a signed int256.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must be less than or equal to maxInt256.
     */
    function toInt256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (int256) {
        // Note: Unsafe cast below is okay because `type(int256).max` is guaranteed to be positive
        if (value > uint256(type(int256).max)) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintToInt(value);
        }
        return int256(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Cast a boolean (false or true) to a uint256 (0 or 1) with no jump.
     */
    function toUint(bool b) internal pure returns (uint256 u) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            u := iszero(iszero(b))
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/math/SignedMath.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {SafeCast} from "./SafeCast.sol";

/**
 * @dev Standard signed math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library SignedMath {
    /**
     * @dev Branchless ternary evaluation for `a ? b : c`. Gas costs are constant.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: This function may reduce bytecode size and consume less gas when used standalone.
     * However, the compiler may optimize Solidity ternary operations (i.e. `a ? b : c`) to only compute
     * one branch when needed, making this function more expensive.
     */
    function ternary(bool condition, int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        unchecked {
            // branchless ternary works because:
            // b ^ (a ^ b) == a
            // b ^ 0 == b
            return b ^ ((a ^ b) * int256(SafeCast.toUint(condition)));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two signed numbers.
     */
    function max(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return ternary(a > b, a, b);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two signed numbers.
     */
    function min(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return ternary(a < b, a, b);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two signed numbers without overflow.
     * The result is rounded towards zero.
     */
    function average(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        // Formula from the book "Hacker's Delight"
        int256 x = (a & b) + ((a ^ b) >> 1);
        return x + (int256(uint256(x) >> 255) & (a ^ b));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the absolute unsigned value of a signed value.
     */
    function abs(int256 n) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            // Formula from the "Bit Twiddling Hacks" by Sean Eron Anderson.
            // Since `n` is a signed integer, the generated bytecode will use the SAR opcode to perform the right shift,
            // taking advantage of the most significant (or "sign" bit) in two's complement representation.
            // This opcode adds new most significant bits set to the value of the previous most significant bit. As a result,
            // the mask will either be `bytes32(0)` (if n is positive) or `~bytes32(0)` (if n is negative).
            int256 mask = n >> 255;

            // A `bytes32(0)` mask leaves the input unchanged, while a `~bytes32(0)` mask complements it.
            return uint256((n + mask) ^ mask);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/introspection/IERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC-165 standard, as defined in the
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165[ERC].
 *
 * Implementers can declare support of contract interfaces, which can then be
 * queried by others ({ERC165Checker}).
 *
 * For an implementation, see {ERC165}.
 */
interface IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by
     * `interfaceId`. See the corresponding
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified[ERC section]
     * to learn more about how these ids are created.
     *
     * This function call must use less than 30 000 gas.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/ERC721/ERC721.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC721} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/IERC721.sol";
import {IERC721Metadata} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/extensions/IERC721Metadata.sol";
import {ERC721Utils} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/utils/ERC721Utils.sol";
import {ContextUpgradeable} from "../../utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import {Strings} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Strings.sol";
import {IERC165} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";
import {ERC165Upgradeable} from "../../utils/introspection/ERC165Upgradeable.sol";
import {IERC721Errors} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/interfaces/draft-IERC6093.sol";
import {Initializable} from "../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721[ERC-721] Non-Fungible Token Standard, including
 * the Metadata extension, but not including the Enumerable extension, which is available separately as
 * {ERC721Enumerable}.
 */
abstract contract ERC721Upgradeable is Initializable, ContextUpgradeable, ERC165Upgradeable, IERC721, IERC721Metadata, IERC721Errors {
    using Strings for uint256;

    /// @custom:storage-location erc7201:openzeppelin.storage.ERC721
    struct ERC721Storage {
        // Token name
        string _name;

        // Token symbol
        string _symbol;

        mapping(uint256 tokenId => address) _owners;

        mapping(address owner => uint256) _balances;

        mapping(uint256 tokenId => address) _tokenApprovals;

        mapping(address owner => mapping(address operator => bool)) _operatorApprovals;
    }

    // keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("openzeppelin.storage.ERC721")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff))
    bytes32 private constant ERC721StorageLocation = 0x80bb2b638cc20bc4d0a60d66940f3ab4a00c1d7b313497ca82fb0b4ab0079300;

    function _getERC721Storage() private pure returns (ERC721Storage storage $) {
        assembly {
            $.slot := ERC721StorageLocation
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the contract by setting a `name` and a `symbol` to the token collection.
     */
    function __ERC721_init(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) internal onlyInitializing {
        __ERC721_init_unchained(name_, symbol_);
    }

    function __ERC721_init_unchained(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) internal onlyInitializing {
        ERC721Storage storage $ = _getERC721Storage();
        $._name = name_;
        $._symbol = symbol_;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override(ERC165Upgradeable, IERC165) returns (bool) {
        return
            interfaceId == type(IERC721).interfaceId ||
            interfaceId == type(IERC721Metadata).interfaceId ||
            super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-balanceOf}.
     */
    function balanceOf(address owner) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        ERC721Storage storage $ = _getERC721Storage();
        if (owner == address(0)) {
            revert ERC721InvalidOwner(address(0));
        }
        return $._balances[owner];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-ownerOf}.
     */
    function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual returns (address) {
        return _requireOwned(tokenId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Metadata-name}.
     */
    function name() public view virtual returns (string memory) {
        ERC721Storage storage $ = _getERC721Storage();
        return $._name;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Metadata-symbol}.
     */
    function symbol() public view virtual returns (string memory) {
        ERC721Storage storage $ = _getERC721Storage();
        return $._symbol;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Metadata-tokenURI}.
     */
    function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual returns (string memory) {
        _requireOwned(tokenId);

        string memory baseURI = _baseURI();
        return bytes(baseURI).length > 0 ? string.concat(baseURI, tokenId.toString()) : "";
    }

    /**
     * @dev Base URI for computing {tokenURI}. If set, the resulting URI for each
     * token will be the concatenation of the `baseURI` and the `tokenId`. Empty
     * by default, can be overridden in child contracts.
     */
    function _baseURI() internal view virtual returns (string memory) {
        return "";
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-approve}.
     */
    function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) public virtual {
        _approve(to, tokenId, _msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-getApproved}.
     */
    function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual returns (address) {
        _requireOwned(tokenId);

        return _getApproved(tokenId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-setApprovalForAll}.
     */
    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) public virtual {
        _setApprovalForAll(_msgSender(), operator, approved);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-isApprovedForAll}.
     */
    function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) public view virtual returns (bool) {
        ERC721Storage storage $ = _getERC721Storage();
        return $._operatorApprovals[owner][operator];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-transferFrom}.
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) public virtual {
        if (to == address(0)) {
            revert ERC721InvalidReceiver(address(0));
        }
        // Setting an "auth" arguments enables the `_isAuthorized` check which verifies that the token exists
        // (from != 0). Therefore, it is not needed to verify that the return value is not 0 here.
        address previousOwner = _update(to, tokenId, _msgSender());
        if (previousOwner != from) {
            revert ERC721IncorrectOwner(from, tokenId, previousOwner);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-safeTransferFrom}.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) public {
        safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId, "");
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-safeTransferFrom}.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes memory data) public virtual {
        transferFrom(from, to, tokenId);
        ERC721Utils.checkOnERC721Received(_msgSender(), from, to, tokenId, data);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the owner of the `tokenId`. Does NOT revert if token doesn't exist
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Any overrides to this function that add ownership of tokens not tracked by the
     * core ERC-721 logic MUST be matched with the use of {_increaseBalance} to keep balances
     * consistent with ownership. The invariant to preserve is that for any address `a` the value returned by
     * `balanceOf(a)` must be equal to the number of tokens such that `_ownerOf(tokenId)` is `a`.
     */
    function _ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual returns (address) {
        ERC721Storage storage $ = _getERC721Storage();
        return $._owners[tokenId];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the approved address for `tokenId`. Returns 0 if `tokenId` is not minted.
     */
    function _getApproved(uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual returns (address) {
        ERC721Storage storage $ = _getERC721Storage();
        return $._tokenApprovals[tokenId];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether `spender` is allowed to manage `owner`'s tokens, or `tokenId` in
     * particular (ignoring whether it is owned by `owner`).
     *
     * WARNING: This function assumes that `owner` is the actual owner of `tokenId` and does not verify this
     * assumption.
     */
    function _isAuthorized(address owner, address spender, uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual returns (bool) {
        return
            spender != address(0) &&
            (owner == spender || isApprovedForAll(owner, spender) || _getApproved(tokenId) == spender);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Checks if `spender` can operate on `tokenId`, assuming the provided `owner` is the actual owner.
     * Reverts if:
     * - `spender` does not have approval from `owner` for `tokenId`.
     * - `spender` does not have approval to manage all of `owner`'s assets.
     *
     * WARNING: This function assumes that `owner` is the actual owner of `tokenId` and does not verify this
     * assumption.
     */
    function _checkAuthorized(address owner, address spender, uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual {
        if (!_isAuthorized(owner, spender, tokenId)) {
            if (owner == address(0)) {
                revert ERC721NonexistentToken(tokenId);
            } else {
                revert ERC721InsufficientApproval(spender, tokenId);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Unsafe write access to the balances, used by extensions that "mint" tokens using an {ownerOf} override.
     *
     * NOTE: the value is limited to type(uint128).max. This protect against _balance overflow. It is unrealistic that
     * a uint256 would ever overflow from increments when these increments are bounded to uint128 values.
     *
     * WARNING: Increasing an account's balance using this function tends to be paired with an override of the
     * {_ownerOf} function to resolve the ownership of the corresponding tokens so that balances and ownership
     * remain consistent with one another.
     */
    function _increaseBalance(address account, uint128 value) internal virtual {
        ERC721Storage storage $ = _getERC721Storage();
        unchecked {
            $._balances[account] += value;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers `tokenId` from its current owner to `to`, or alternatively mints (or burns) if the current owner
     * (or `to`) is the zero address. Returns the owner of the `tokenId` before the update.
     *
     * The `auth` argument is optional. If the value passed is non 0, then this function will check that
     * `auth` is either the owner of the token, or approved to operate on the token (by the owner).
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     *
     * NOTE: If overriding this function in a way that tracks balances, see also {_increaseBalance}.
     */
    function _update(address to, uint256 tokenId, address auth) internal virtual returns (address) {
        ERC721Storage storage $ = _getERC721Storage();
        address from = _ownerOf(tokenId);

        // Perform (optional) operator check
        if (auth != address(0)) {
            _checkAuthorized(from, auth, tokenId);
        }

        // Execute the update
        if (from != address(0)) {
            // Clear approval. No need to re-authorize or emit the Approval event
            _approve(address(0), tokenId, address(0), false);

            unchecked {
                $._balances[from] -= 1;
            }
        }

        if (to != address(0)) {
            unchecked {
                $._balances[to] += 1;
            }
        }

        $._owners[tokenId] = to;

        emit Transfer(from, to, tokenId);

        return from;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Mints `tokenId` and transfers it to `to`.
     *
     * WARNING: Usage of this method is discouraged, use {_safeMint} whenever possible
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must not exist.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _mint(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal {
        if (to == address(0)) {
            revert ERC721InvalidReceiver(address(0));
        }
        address previousOwner = _update(to, tokenId, address(0));
        if (previousOwner != address(0)) {
            revert ERC721InvalidSender(address(0));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Mints `tokenId`, transfers it to `to` and checks for `to` acceptance.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must not exist.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _safeMint(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal {
        _safeMint(to, tokenId, "");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-ERC721-_safeMint-address-uint256-}[`_safeMint`], with an additional `data` parameter which is
     * forwarded in {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received} to contract recipients.
     */
    function _safeMint(address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes memory data) internal virtual {
        _mint(to, tokenId);
        ERC721Utils.checkOnERC721Received(_msgSender(), address(0), to, tokenId, data);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Destroys `tokenId`.
     * The approval is cleared when the token is burned.
     * This is an internal function that does not check if the sender is authorized to operate on the token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _burn(uint256 tokenId) internal {
        address previousOwner = _update(address(0), tokenId, address(0));
        if (previousOwner == address(0)) {
            revert ERC721NonexistentToken(tokenId);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers `tokenId` from `from` to `to`.
     *  As opposed to {transferFrom}, this imposes no restrictions on msg.sender.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must be owned by `from`.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _transfer(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) internal {
        if (to == address(0)) {
            revert ERC721InvalidReceiver(address(0));
        }
        address previousOwner = _update(to, tokenId, address(0));
        if (previousOwner == address(0)) {
            revert ERC721NonexistentToken(tokenId);
        } else if (previousOwner != from) {
            revert ERC721IncorrectOwner(from, tokenId, previousOwner);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Safely transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`, checking that contract recipients
     * are aware of the ERC-721 standard to prevent tokens from being forever locked.
     *
     * `data` is additional data, it has no specified format and it is sent in call to `to`.
     *
     * This internal function is like {safeTransferFrom} in the sense that it invokes
     * {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received} on the receiver, and can be used to e.g.
     * implement alternative mechanisms to perform token transfer, such as signature-based.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` token must exist and be owned by `from`.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _safeTransfer(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) internal {
        _safeTransfer(from, to, tokenId, "");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-ERC721-_safeTransfer-address-address-uint256-}[`_safeTransfer`], with an additional `data` parameter which is
     * forwarded in {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received} to contract recipients.
     */
    function _safeTransfer(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes memory data) internal virtual {
        _transfer(from, to, tokenId);
        ERC721Utils.checkOnERC721Received(_msgSender(), from, to, tokenId, data);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Approve `to` to operate on `tokenId`
     *
     * The `auth` argument is optional. If the value passed is non 0, then this function will check that `auth` is
     * either the owner of the token, or approved to operate on all tokens held by this owner.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Overrides to this logic should be done to the variant with an additional `bool emitEvent` argument.
     */
    function _approve(address to, uint256 tokenId, address auth) internal {
        _approve(to, tokenId, auth, true);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of `_approve` with an optional flag to enable or disable the {Approval} event. The event is not
     * emitted in the context of transfers.
     */
    function _approve(address to, uint256 tokenId, address auth, bool emitEvent) internal virtual {
        ERC721Storage storage $ = _getERC721Storage();
        // Avoid reading the owner unless necessary
        if (emitEvent || auth != address(0)) {
            address owner = _requireOwned(tokenId);

            // We do not use _isAuthorized because single-token approvals should not be able to call approve
            if (auth != address(0) && owner != auth && !isApprovedForAll(owner, auth)) {
                revert ERC721InvalidApprover(auth);
            }

            if (emitEvent) {
                emit Approval(owner, to, tokenId);
            }
        }

        $._tokenApprovals[tokenId] = to;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Approve `operator` to operate on all of `owner` tokens
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - operator can't be the address zero.
     *
     * Emits an {ApprovalForAll} event.
     */
    function _setApprovalForAll(address owner, address operator, bool approved) internal virtual {
        ERC721Storage storage $ = _getERC721Storage();
        if (operator == address(0)) {
            revert ERC721InvalidOperator(operator);
        }
        $._operatorApprovals[owner][operator] = approved;
        emit ApprovalForAll(owner, operator, approved);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts if the `tokenId` doesn't have a current owner (it hasn't been minted, or it has been burned).
     * Returns the owner.
     *
     * Overrides to ownership logic should be done to {_ownerOf}.
     */
    function _requireOwned(uint256 tokenId) internal view returns (address) {
        address owner = _ownerOf(tokenId);
        if (owner == address(0)) {
            revert ERC721NonexistentToken(tokenId);
        }
        return owner;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/common/ERC2981.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC2981} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/interfaces/IERC2981.sol";
import {IERC165} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";
import {ERC165Upgradeable} from "../../utils/introspection/ERC165Upgradeable.sol";
import {Initializable} from "../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the NFT Royalty Standard, a standardized way to retrieve royalty payment information.
 *
 * Royalty information can be specified globally for all token ids via {_setDefaultRoyalty}, and/or individually for
 * specific token ids via {_setTokenRoyalty}. The latter takes precedence over the first.
 *
 * Royalty is specified as a fraction of sale price. {_feeDenominator} is overridable but defaults to 10000, meaning the
 * fee is specified in basis points by default.
 *
 * IMPORTANT: ERC-2981 only specifies a way to signal royalty information and does not enforce its payment. See
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2981#optional-royalty-payments[Rationale] in the ERC. Marketplaces are expected to
 * voluntarily pay royalties together with sales, but note that this standard is not yet widely supported.
 */
abstract contract ERC2981Upgradeable is Initializable, IERC2981, ERC165Upgradeable {
    struct RoyaltyInfo {
        address receiver;
        uint96 royaltyFraction;
    }

    /// @custom:storage-location erc7201:openzeppelin.storage.ERC2981
    struct ERC2981Storage {
        RoyaltyInfo _defaultRoyaltyInfo;
        mapping(uint256 tokenId => RoyaltyInfo) _tokenRoyaltyInfo;
    }

    // keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("openzeppelin.storage.ERC2981")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff))
    bytes32 private constant ERC2981StorageLocation = 0xdaedc9ab023613a7caf35e703657e986ccfad7e3eb0af93a2853f8d65dd86b00;

    function _getERC2981Storage() private pure returns (ERC2981Storage storage $) {
        assembly {
            $.slot := ERC2981StorageLocation
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev The default royalty set is invalid (eg. (numerator / denominator) >= 1).
     */
    error ERC2981InvalidDefaultRoyalty(uint256 numerator, uint256 denominator);

    /**
     * @dev The default royalty receiver is invalid.
     */
    error ERC2981InvalidDefaultRoyaltyReceiver(address receiver);

    /**
     * @dev The royalty set for an specific `tokenId` is invalid (eg. (numerator / denominator) >= 1).
     */
    error ERC2981InvalidTokenRoyalty(uint256 tokenId, uint256 numerator, uint256 denominator);

    /**
     * @dev The royalty receiver for `tokenId` is invalid.
     */
    error ERC2981InvalidTokenRoyaltyReceiver(uint256 tokenId, address receiver);

    function __ERC2981_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __ERC2981_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override(IERC165, ERC165Upgradeable) returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IERC2981).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IERC2981
     */
    function royaltyInfo(
        uint256 tokenId,
        uint256 salePrice
    ) public view virtual returns (address receiver, uint256 amount) {
        ERC2981Storage storage $ = _getERC2981Storage();
        RoyaltyInfo storage _royaltyInfo = $._tokenRoyaltyInfo[tokenId];
        address royaltyReceiver = _royaltyInfo.receiver;
        uint96 royaltyFraction = _royaltyInfo.royaltyFraction;

        if (royaltyReceiver == address(0)) {
            royaltyReceiver = $._defaultRoyaltyInfo.receiver;
            royaltyFraction = $._defaultRoyaltyInfo.royaltyFraction;
        }

        uint256 royaltyAmount = (salePrice * royaltyFraction) / _feeDenominator();

        return (royaltyReceiver, royaltyAmount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev The denominator with which to interpret the fee set in {_setTokenRoyalty} and {_setDefaultRoyalty} as a
     * fraction of the sale price. Defaults to 10000 so fees are expressed in basis points, but may be customized by an
     * override.
     */
    function _feeDenominator() internal pure virtual returns (uint96) {
        return 10000;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets the royalty information that all ids in this contract will default to.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `receiver` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `feeNumerator` cannot be greater than the fee denominator.
     */
    function _setDefaultRoyalty(address receiver, uint96 feeNumerator) internal virtual {
        ERC2981Storage storage $ = _getERC2981Storage();
        uint256 denominator = _feeDenominator();
        if (feeNumerator > denominator) {
            // Royalty fee will exceed the sale price
            revert ERC2981InvalidDefaultRoyalty(feeNumerator, denominator);
        }
        if (receiver == address(0)) {
            revert ERC2981InvalidDefaultRoyaltyReceiver(address(0));
        }

        $._defaultRoyaltyInfo = RoyaltyInfo(receiver, feeNumerator);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes default royalty information.
     */
    function _deleteDefaultRoyalty() internal virtual {
        ERC2981Storage storage $ = _getERC2981Storage();
        delete $._defaultRoyaltyInfo;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets the royalty information for a specific token id, overriding the global default.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `receiver` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `feeNumerator` cannot be greater than the fee denominator.
     */
    function _setTokenRoyalty(uint256 tokenId, address receiver, uint96 feeNumerator) internal virtual {
        ERC2981Storage storage $ = _getERC2981Storage();
        uint256 denominator = _feeDenominator();
        if (feeNumerator > denominator) {
            // Royalty fee will exceed the sale price
            revert ERC2981InvalidTokenRoyalty(tokenId, feeNumerator, denominator);
        }
        if (receiver == address(0)) {
            revert ERC2981InvalidTokenRoyaltyReceiver(tokenId, address(0));
        }

        $._tokenRoyaltyInfo[tokenId] = RoyaltyInfo(receiver, feeNumerator);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Resets royalty information for the token id back to the global default.
     */
    function _resetTokenRoyalty(uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
        ERC2981Storage storage $ = _getERC2981Storage();
        delete $._tokenRoyaltyInfo[tokenId];
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (interfaces/IERC4906.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC165} from "./IERC165.sol";
import {IERC721} from "./IERC721.sol";

/// @title ERC-721 Metadata Update Extension
interface IERC4906 is IERC165, IERC721 {
    /// @dev This event emits when the metadata of a token is changed.
    /// So that the third-party platforms such as NFT market could
    /// timely update the images and related attributes of the NFT.
    event MetadataUpdate(uint256 _tokenId);

    /// @dev This event emits when the metadata of a range of tokens is changed.
    /// So that the third-party platforms such as NFT market could
    /// timely update the images and related attributes of the NFTs.
    event BatchMetadataUpdate(uint256 _fromTokenId, uint256 _toTokenId);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC721/extensions/IERC721Enumerable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC721} from "../IERC721.sol";

/**
 * @title ERC-721 Non-Fungible Token Standard, optional enumeration extension
 * @dev See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721
 */
interface IERC721Enumerable is IERC721 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the total amount of tokens stored by the contract.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns a token ID owned by `owner` at a given `index` of its token list.
     * Use along with {balanceOf} to enumerate all of ``owner``'s tokens.
     */
    function tokenOfOwnerByIndex(address owner, uint256 index) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns a token ID at a given `index` of all the tokens stored by the contract.
     * Use along with {totalSupply} to enumerate all tokens.
     */
    function tokenByIndex(uint256 index) external view returns (uint256);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (interfaces/draft-IERC1822.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev ERC-1822: Universal Upgradeable Proxy Standard (UUPS) documents a method for upgradeability through a simplified
 * proxy whose upgrades are fully controlled by the current implementation.
 */
interface IERC1822Proxiable {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the storage slot that the proxiable contract assumes is being used to store the implementation
     * address.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: A proxy pointing at a proxiable contract should not be considered proxiable itself, because this risks
     * bricking a proxy that upgrades to it, by delegating to itself until out of gas. Thus it is critical that this
     * function revert if invoked through a proxy.
     */
    function proxiableUUID() external view returns (bytes32);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.2.0) (proxy/ERC1967/ERC1967Utils.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.22;

import {IBeacon} from "../beacon/IBeacon.sol";
import {IERC1967} from "../../interfaces/IERC1967.sol";
import {Address} from "../../utils/Address.sol";
import {StorageSlot} from "../../utils/StorageSlot.sol";

/**
 * @dev This library provides getters and event emitting update functions for
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1967[ERC-1967] slots.
 */
library ERC1967Utils {
    /**
     * @dev Storage slot with the address of the current implementation.
     * This is the keccak-256 hash of "eip1967.proxy.implementation" subtracted by 1.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line private-vars-leading-underscore
    bytes32 internal constant IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT = 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc;

    /**
     * @dev The `implementation` of the proxy is invalid.
     */
    error ERC1967InvalidImplementation(address implementation);

    /**
     * @dev The `admin` of the proxy is invalid.
     */
    error ERC1967InvalidAdmin(address admin);

    /**
     * @dev The `beacon` of the proxy is invalid.
     */
    error ERC1967InvalidBeacon(address beacon);

    /**
     * @dev An upgrade function sees `msg.value > 0` that may be lost.
     */
    error ERC1967NonPayable();

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current implementation address.
     */
    function getImplementation() internal view returns (address) {
        return StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Stores a new address in the ERC-1967 implementation slot.
     */
    function _setImplementation(address newImplementation) private {
        if (newImplementation.code.length == 0) {
            revert ERC1967InvalidImplementation(newImplementation);
        }
        StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value = newImplementation;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs implementation upgrade with additional setup call if data is nonempty.
     * This function is payable only if the setup call is performed, otherwise `msg.value` is rejected
     * to avoid stuck value in the contract.
     *
     * Emits an {IERC1967-Upgraded} event.
     */
    function upgradeToAndCall(address newImplementation, bytes memory data) internal {
        _setImplementation(newImplementation);
        emit IERC1967.Upgraded(newImplementation);

        if (data.length > 0) {
            Address.functionDelegateCall(newImplementation, data);
        } else {
            _checkNonPayable();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Storage slot with the admin of the contract.
     * This is the keccak-256 hash of "eip1967.proxy.admin" subtracted by 1.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line private-vars-leading-underscore
    bytes32 internal constant ADMIN_SLOT = 0xb53127684a568b3173ae13b9f8a6016e243e63b6e8ee1178d6a717850b5d6103;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current admin.
     *
     * TIP: To get this value clients can read directly from the storage slot shown below (specified by ERC-1967) using
     * the https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_getstorageat[`eth_getStorageAt`] RPC call.
     * `0xb53127684a568b3173ae13b9f8a6016e243e63b6e8ee1178d6a717850b5d6103`
     */
    function getAdmin() internal view returns (address) {
        return StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(ADMIN_SLOT).value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Stores a new address in the ERC-1967 admin slot.
     */
    function _setAdmin(address newAdmin) private {
        if (newAdmin == address(0)) {
            revert ERC1967InvalidAdmin(address(0));
        }
        StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(ADMIN_SLOT).value = newAdmin;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Changes the admin of the proxy.
     *
     * Emits an {IERC1967-AdminChanged} event.
     */
    function changeAdmin(address newAdmin) internal {
        emit IERC1967.AdminChanged(getAdmin(), newAdmin);
        _setAdmin(newAdmin);
    }

    /**
     * @dev The storage slot of the UpgradeableBeacon contract which defines the implementation for this proxy.
     * This is the keccak-256 hash of "eip1967.proxy.beacon" subtracted by 1.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line private-vars-leading-underscore
    bytes32 internal constant BEACON_SLOT = 0xa3f0ad74e5423aebfd80d3ef4346578335a9a72aeaee59ff6cb3582b35133d50;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current beacon.
     */
    function getBeacon() internal view returns (address) {
        return StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(BEACON_SLOT).value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Stores a new beacon in the ERC-1967 beacon slot.
     */
    function _setBeacon(address newBeacon) private {
        if (newBeacon.code.length == 0) {
            revert ERC1967InvalidBeacon(newBeacon);
        }

        StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(BEACON_SLOT).value = newBeacon;

        address beaconImplementation = IBeacon(newBeacon).implementation();
        if (beaconImplementation.code.length == 0) {
            revert ERC1967InvalidImplementation(beaconImplementation);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Change the beacon and trigger a setup call if data is nonempty.
     * This function is payable only if the setup call is performed, otherwise `msg.value` is rejected
     * to avoid stuck value in the contract.
     *
     * Emits an {IERC1967-BeaconUpgraded} event.
     *
     * CAUTION: Invoking this function has no effect on an instance of {BeaconProxy} since v5, since
     * it uses an immutable beacon without looking at the value of the ERC-1967 beacon slot for
     * efficiency.
     */
    function upgradeBeaconToAndCall(address newBeacon, bytes memory data) internal {
        _setBeacon(newBeacon);
        emit IERC1967.BeaconUpgraded(newBeacon);

        if (data.length > 0) {
            Address.functionDelegateCall(IBeacon(newBeacon).implementation(), data);
        } else {
            _checkNonPayable();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts if `msg.value` is not zero. It can be used to avoid `msg.value` stuck in the contract
     * if an upgrade doesn't perform an initialization call.
     */
    function _checkNonPayable() private {
        if (msg.value > 0) {
            revert ERC1967NonPayable();
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.1) (utils/Context.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
import {Initializable} from "../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract ContextUpgradeable is Initializable {
    function __Context_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __Context_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
        return msg.data;
    }

    function _contextSuffixLength() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return 0;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.28;

interface IKugleToken {
    function transferToUser(address _to, uint256 _amount) external;

    function setAuthorizeContract(address _contract, bool _authorized) external;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/Panic.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Helper library for emitting standardized panic codes.
 *
 * ```solidity
 * contract Example {
 *      using Panic for uint256;
 *
 *      // Use any of the declared internal constants
 *      function foo() { Panic.GENERIC.panic(); }
 *
 *      // Alternatively
 *      function foo() { Panic.panic(Panic.GENERIC); }
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * Follows the list from https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/blob/v0.8.24/libsolutil/ErrorCodes.h[libsolutil].
 *
 * _Available since v5.1._
 */
// slither-disable-next-line unused-state
library Panic {
    /// @dev generic / unspecified error
    uint256 internal constant GENERIC = 0x00;
    /// @dev used by the assert() builtin
    uint256 internal constant ASSERT = 0x01;
    /// @dev arithmetic underflow or overflow
    uint256 internal constant UNDER_OVERFLOW = 0x11;
    /// @dev division or modulo by zero
    uint256 internal constant DIVISION_BY_ZERO = 0x12;
    /// @dev enum conversion error
    uint256 internal constant ENUM_CONVERSION_ERROR = 0x21;
    /// @dev invalid encoding in storage
    uint256 internal constant STORAGE_ENCODING_ERROR = 0x22;
    /// @dev empty array pop
    uint256 internal constant EMPTY_ARRAY_POP = 0x31;
    /// @dev array out of bounds access
    uint256 internal constant ARRAY_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 0x32;
    /// @dev resource error (too large allocation or too large array)
    uint256 internal constant RESOURCE_ERROR = 0x41;
    /// @dev calling invalid internal function
    uint256 internal constant INVALID_INTERNAL_FUNCTION = 0x51;

    /// @dev Reverts with a panic code. Recommended to use with
    /// the internal constants with predefined codes.
    function panic(uint256 code) internal pure {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            mstore(0x00, 0x4e487b71)
            mstore(0x20, code)
            revert(0x1c, 0x24)
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC721/extensions/IERC721Metadata.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC721} from "../IERC721.sol";

/**
 * @title ERC-721 Non-Fungible Token Standard, optional metadata extension
 * @dev See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721
 */
interface IERC721Metadata is IERC721 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the token collection name.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the token collection symbol.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) for `tokenId` token.
     */
    function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (string memory);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/ERC721/utils/ERC721Utils.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC721Receiver} from "../IERC721Receiver.sol";
import {IERC721Errors} from "../../../interfaces/draft-IERC6093.sol";

/**
 * @dev Library that provide common ERC-721 utility functions.
 *
 * See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721[ERC-721].
 *
 * _Available since v5.1._
 */
library ERC721Utils {
    /**
     * @dev Performs an acceptance check for the provided `operator` by calling {IERC721-onERC721Received}
     * on the `to` address. The `operator` is generally the address that initiated the token transfer (i.e. `msg.sender`).
     *
     * The acceptance call is not executed and treated as a no-op if the target address doesn't contain code (i.e. an EOA).
     * Otherwise, the recipient must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received} and return the acceptance magic value to accept
     * the transfer.
     */
    function checkOnERC721Received(
        address operator,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes memory data
    ) internal {
        if (to.code.length > 0) {
            try IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received(operator, from, tokenId, data) returns (bytes4 retval) {
                if (retval != IERC721Receiver.onERC721Received.selector) {
                    // Token rejected
                    revert IERC721Errors.ERC721InvalidReceiver(to);
                }
            } catch (bytes memory reason) {
                if (reason.length == 0) {
                    // non-IERC721Receiver implementer
                    revert IERC721Errors.ERC721InvalidReceiver(to);
                } else {
                    assembly ("memory-safe") {
                        revert(add(32, reason), mload(reason))
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/introspection/ERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC165} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";
import {Initializable} from "../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC165} interface.
 *
 * Contracts that want to implement ERC-165 should inherit from this contract and override {supportsInterface} to check
 * for the additional interface id that will be supported. For example:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
 *     return interfaceId == type(MyInterface).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
 * }
 * ```
 */
abstract contract ERC165Upgradeable is Initializable, IERC165 {
    function __ERC165_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __ERC165_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IERC165).interfaceId;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (interfaces/draft-IERC6093.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Standard ERC-20 Errors
 * Interface of the https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6093[ERC-6093] custom errors for ERC-20 tokens.
 */
interface IERC20Errors {
    /**
     * @dev Indicates an error related to the current `balance` of a `sender`. Used in transfers.
     * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred.
     * @param balance Current balance for the interacting account.
     * @param needed Minimum amount required to perform a transfer.
     */
    error ERC20InsufficientBalance(address sender, uint256 balance, uint256 needed);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `sender`. Used in transfers.
     * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred.
     */
    error ERC20InvalidSender(address sender);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `receiver`. Used in transfers.
     * @param receiver Address to which tokens are being transferred.
     */
    error ERC20InvalidReceiver(address receiver);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the `spender`’s `allowance`. Used in transfers.
     * @param spender Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner.
     * @param allowance Amount of tokens a `spender` is allowed to operate with.
     * @param needed Minimum amount required to perform a transfer.
     */
    error ERC20InsufficientAllowance(address spender, uint256 allowance, uint256 needed);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the `approver` of a token to be approved. Used in approvals.
     * @param approver Address initiating an approval operation.
     */
    error ERC20InvalidApprover(address approver);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the `spender` to be approved. Used in approvals.
     * @param spender Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner.
     */
    error ERC20InvalidSpender(address spender);
}

/**
 * @dev Standard ERC-721 Errors
 * Interface of the https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6093[ERC-6093] custom errors for ERC-721 tokens.
 */
interface IERC721Errors {
    /**
     * @dev Indicates that an address can't be an owner. For example, `address(0)` is a forbidden owner in ERC-20.
     * Used in balance queries.
     * @param owner Address of the current owner of a token.
     */
    error ERC721InvalidOwner(address owner);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a `tokenId` whose `owner` is the zero address.
     * @param tokenId Identifier number of a token.
     */
    error ERC721NonexistentToken(uint256 tokenId);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates an error related to the ownership over a particular token. Used in transfers.
     * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred.
     * @param tokenId Identifier number of a token.
     * @param owner Address of the current owner of a token.
     */
    error ERC721IncorrectOwner(address sender, uint256 tokenId, address owner);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `sender`. Used in transfers.
     * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred.
     */
    error ERC721InvalidSender(address sender);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `receiver`. Used in transfers.
     * @param receiver Address to which tokens are being transferred.
     */
    error ERC721InvalidReceiver(address receiver);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the `operator`’s approval. Used in transfers.
     * @param operator Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner.
     * @param tokenId Identifier number of a token.
     */
    error ERC721InsufficientApproval(address operator, uint256 tokenId);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the `approver` of a token to be approved. Used in approvals.
     * @param approver Address initiating an approval operation.
     */
    error ERC721InvalidApprover(address approver);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the `operator` to be approved. Used in approvals.
     * @param operator Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner.
     */
    error ERC721InvalidOperator(address operator);
}

/**
 * @dev Standard ERC-1155 Errors
 * Interface of the https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6093[ERC-6093] custom errors for ERC-1155 tokens.
 */
interface IERC1155Errors {
    /**
     * @dev Indicates an error related to the current `balance` of a `sender`. Used in transfers.
     * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred.
     * @param balance Current balance for the interacting account.
     * @param needed Minimum amount required to perform a transfer.
     * @param tokenId Identifier number of a token.
     */
    error ERC1155InsufficientBalance(address sender, uint256 balance, uint256 needed, uint256 tokenId);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `sender`. Used in transfers.
     * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred.
     */
    error ERC1155InvalidSender(address sender);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `receiver`. Used in transfers.
     * @param receiver Address to which tokens are being transferred.
     */
    error ERC1155InvalidReceiver(address receiver);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the `operator`’s approval. Used in transfers.
     * @param operator Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner.
     * @param owner Address of the current owner of a token.
     */
    error ERC1155MissingApprovalForAll(address operator, address owner);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the `approver` of a token to be approved. Used in approvals.
     * @param approver Address initiating an approval operation.
     */
    error ERC1155InvalidApprover(address approver);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the `operator` to be approved. Used in approvals.
     * @param operator Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner.
     */
    error ERC1155InvalidOperator(address operator);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates an array length mismatch between ids and values in a safeBatchTransferFrom operation.
     * Used in batch transfers.
     * @param idsLength Length of the array of token identifiers
     * @param valuesLength Length of the array of token amounts
     */
    error ERC1155InvalidArrayLength(uint256 idsLength, uint256 valuesLength);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (interfaces/IERC2981.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC165} from "../utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface for the NFT Royalty Standard.
 *
 * A standardized way to retrieve royalty payment information for non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to enable universal
 * support for royalty payments across all NFT marketplaces and ecosystem participants.
 */
interface IERC2981 is IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns how much royalty is owed and to whom, based on a sale price that may be denominated in any unit of
     * exchange. The royalty amount is denominated and should be paid in that same unit of exchange.
     *
     * NOTE: ERC-2981 allows setting the royalty to 100% of the price. In that case all the price would be sent to the
     * royalty receiver and 0 tokens to the seller. Contracts dealing with royalty should consider empty transfers.
     */
    function royaltyInfo(
        uint256 tokenId,
        uint256 salePrice
    ) external view returns (address receiver, uint256 royaltyAmount);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (interfaces/IERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC165} from "../utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (interfaces/IERC721.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC721} from "../token/ERC721/IERC721.sol";

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (proxy/beacon/IBeacon.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev This is the interface that {BeaconProxy} expects of its beacon.
 */
interface IBeacon {
    /**
     * @dev Must return an address that can be used as a delegate call target.
     *
     * {UpgradeableBeacon} will check that this address is a contract.
     */
    function implementation() external view returns (address);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (interfaces/IERC1967.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev ERC-1967: Proxy Storage Slots. This interface contains the events defined in the ERC.
 */
interface IERC1967 {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the implementation is upgraded.
     */
    event Upgraded(address indexed implementation);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the admin account has changed.
     */
    event AdminChanged(address previousAdmin, address newAdmin);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the beacon is changed.
     */
    event BeaconUpgraded(address indexed beacon);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.2.0) (utils/Address.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Errors} from "./Errors.sol";

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * @dev There's no code at `target` (it is not a contract).
     */
    error AddressEmptyCode(address target);

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://consensys.net/diligence/blog/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.8.20/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        if (address(this).balance < amount) {
            revert Errors.InsufficientBalance(address(this).balance, amount);
        }

        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        if (!success) {
            _revert(returndata);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason or custom error, it is bubbled
     * up by this function (like regular Solidity function calls). However, if
     * the call reverted with no returned reason, this function reverts with a
     * {Errors.FailedCall} error.
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(address target, bytes memory data, uint256 value) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        if (address(this).balance < value) {
            revert Errors.InsufficientBalance(address(this).balance, value);
        }
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call to smart-contract was successful, and reverts if the target
     * was not a contract or bubbling up the revert reason (falling back to {Errors.FailedCall}) in case
     * of an unsuccessful call.
     */
    function verifyCallResultFromTarget(
        address target,
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        if (!success) {
            _revert(returndata);
        } else {
            // only check if target is a contract if the call was successful and the return data is empty
            // otherwise we already know that it was a contract
            if (returndata.length == 0 && target.code.length == 0) {
                revert AddressEmptyCode(target);
            }
            return returndata;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call was successful, and reverts if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason or with a default {Errors.FailedCall} error.
     */
    function verifyCallResult(bool success, bytes memory returndata) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (!success) {
            _revert(returndata);
        } else {
            return returndata;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts with returndata if present. Otherwise reverts with {Errors.FailedCall}.
     */
    function _revert(bytes memory returndata) private pure {
        // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
            assembly ("memory-safe") {
                let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
            }
        } else {
            revert Errors.FailedCall();
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/StorageSlot.sol)
// This file was procedurally generated from scripts/generate/templates/StorageSlot.js.

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Library for reading and writing primitive types to specific storage slots.
 *
 * Storage slots are often used to avoid storage conflict when dealing with upgradeable contracts.
 * This library helps with reading and writing to such slots without the need for inline assembly.
 *
 * The functions in this library return Slot structs that contain a `value` member that can be used to read or write.
 *
 * Example usage to set ERC-1967 implementation slot:
 * ```solidity
 * contract ERC1967 {
 *     // Define the slot. Alternatively, use the SlotDerivation library to derive the slot.
 *     bytes32 internal constant _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT = 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc;
 *
 *     function _getImplementation() internal view returns (address) {
 *         return StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value;
 *     }
 *
 *     function _setImplementation(address newImplementation) internal {
 *         require(newImplementation.code.length > 0);
 *         StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value = newImplementation;
 *     }
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * TIP: Consider using this library along with {SlotDerivation}.
 */
library StorageSlot {
    struct AddressSlot {
        address value;
    }

    struct BooleanSlot {
        bool value;
    }

    struct Bytes32Slot {
        bytes32 value;
    }

    struct Uint256Slot {
        uint256 value;
    }

    struct Int256Slot {
        int256 value;
    }

    struct StringSlot {
        string value;
    }

    struct BytesSlot {
        bytes value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an `AddressSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getAddressSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (AddressSlot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns a `BooleanSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getBooleanSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (BooleanSlot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns a `Bytes32Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getBytes32Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Bytes32Slot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns a `Uint256Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getUint256Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Uint256Slot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns a `Int256Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getInt256Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Int256Slot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns a `StringSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getStringSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (StringSlot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an `StringSlot` representation of the string storage pointer `store`.
     */
    function getStringSlot(string storage store) internal pure returns (StringSlot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := store.slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns a `BytesSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getBytesSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (BytesSlot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an `BytesSlot` representation of the bytes storage pointer `store`.
     */
    function getBytesSlot(bytes storage store) internal pure returns (BytesSlot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := store.slot
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/ERC721/IERC721Receiver.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @title ERC-721 token receiver interface
 * @dev Interface for any contract that wants to support safeTransfers
 * from ERC-721 asset contracts.
 */
interface IERC721Receiver {
    /**
     * @dev Whenever an {IERC721} `tokenId` token is transferred to this contract via {IERC721-safeTransferFrom}
     * by `operator` from `from`, this function is called.
     *
     * It must return its Solidity selector to confirm the token transfer.
     * If any other value is returned or the interface is not implemented by the recipient, the transfer will be
     * reverted.
     *
     * The selector can be obtained in Solidity with `IERC721Receiver.onERC721Received.selector`.
     */
    function onERC721Received(
        address operator,
        address from,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external returns (bytes4);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/Errors.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Collection of common custom errors used in multiple contracts
 *
 * IMPORTANT: Backwards compatibility is not guaranteed in future versions of the library.
 * It is recommended to avoid relying on the error API for critical functionality.
 *
 * _Available since v5.1._
 */
library Errors {
    /**
     * @dev The ETH balance of the account is not enough to perform the operation.
     */
    error InsufficientBalance(uint256 balance, uint256 needed);

    /**
     * @dev A call to an address target failed. The target may have reverted.
     */
    error FailedCall();

    /**
     * @dev The deployment failed.
     */
    error FailedDeployment();

    /**
     * @dev A necessary precompile is missing.
     */
    error MissingPrecompile(address);
}

{
  "remappings": [
    "forge-std/=dependencies/forge-std-1.9.5/src/",
    "@openzeppelin/contracts/=dependencies/@openzeppelin-contracts-5.2.0/",
    "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/=dependencies/@openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable-5.2.0/",
    "solmate/=dependencies/solmate-6.8.0/src/",
    "@openzeppelin-contracts-5.2.0/=dependencies/@openzeppelin-contracts-5.2.0/",
    "@openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable-5.2.0/=dependencies/@openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable-5.2.0/",
    "forge-std-1.9.5/=dependencies/forge-std-1.9.5/src/",
    "solmate-6.8.0/=dependencies/solmate-6.8.0/src/"
  ],
  "optimizer": {
    "enabled": true,
    "runs": 200,
    "details": {
      "constantOptimizer": true,
      "yul": true,
      "yulDetails": {
        "stackAllocation": true,
        "optimizerSteps": "dhfoDgvulfnTcCejUtnSiIf"
      }
    }
  },
  "metadata": {
    "useLiteralContent": false,
    "bytecodeHash": "ipfs",
    "appendCBOR": true
  },
  "outputSelection": {
    "*": {
      "*": [
        "evm.bytecode",
        "evm.deployedBytecode",
        "devdoc",
        "userdoc",
        "metadata",
        "abi"
      ]
    }
  },
  "evmVersion": "prague",
  "viaIR": false
}

• No Contract Security Audit Submitted- Submit Audit Here

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